Judaism popular jewish holidays

To demonstrate your repentance and make amends for all the sins youVe committed. Yom Kippur is a complete Sabbath; no work can be performed on that day. It is well- nown that you are supposed to refrain from eating and drinking (even water) on Yom Kippur. It is a complete, 25-hour fast beginning before sunset on the evening before Yom Kippur and ending after nightfall on the day of Yom Kippur. The Talmud also specifies additional restrictions that are less well-known: washing and bathing, anointing one's body (with cosmetics, deodorants, etc. , wearing leather shoes, and engaging in sexual relations are all prohibited on Yom Kippur. It is customary to wear white on the holiday, which symbolizes purity and calls to mind the promise that our sins shall be made as white as snow (Is. :18) 3. Sukkot Significance: Remembers the wandering in the dessert; also a harvest festival Length: 7 days The Festival of Sukkot begins on Tishri 15, the fifth day after Yom Kippur. Sukkot is so unreserved ly Joyful that it is commonly referred to in Jewish prayer and literature as Z'man Simchateinu , the Season of our Rejoicing.Sukkot has a dual significance: historical and agricultural. Historically, Sukkot commemorates the forty-year period during which the children of Israel were wandering in the desert, living in temporary shelters. Agriculturally, Sukkot is a harvest festival and is sometimes referred to as efers to the temporary dwellings that we are commanded to live in during this holiday in memory of the period of wandering. The festival of Sukkot is instituted in Leviticus 23:33 et seq. No work is permitted on the first and second days of the holiday. . Shemini Atzeret Significance: A follow-up to Sukkot; the completion of the annual cycle of Torah readings Length: 2 days (Some: 1 day) Customs: Limited â€Å"dwelling† in the sukkah; dancing and rejoicing with Torah scrolls Date: the day after the seventh day of Sukkot, Shemini Atzeret literally means â€Å"the assem bly of the eighth (day). Sukkot is a holiday intended for all of mankind, but when Sukkot is over, the Creator invites the Jewish people to stay for an extra day, for a more intimate celebration.Shemini Atzeret and Simchat Torah are holidays on which work is not permitted. 5. Simchat Torah Simchat Torah means â€Å"Rejoicing in the Torah. † This holiday marks the completion of the annual cycle of weekly Torah readings. Each week in synagogue we publicly read a few chapters from the Torah, starting with Genesis Ch. 1 and working our way around to Deuteronomy 34. On Simchat Torah, we read the last Torah portion, then roceed immediately to the first chapter of Genesis, reminding us that the Torah is a circle, and never ends.This completion of the readings is a time of great celebration. 6. Chanukkah Significance: Remembers the rededication of the Temple after it was defiled by the Greeks Observances: Lighting candles Length: 8 days Customs: eating fried foods; playing with a dre idel (top) Chanukkah, the Jewish festival of rededication, also known as the festival of lights, is an eight day festival beginning on the 25th day of the Jewish month of Kislev.Chanukkah is probably one of the best known Jewish holidays, because of its roximity to Christmas. Many non-Jews think of this holiday as the Jewish Christmas, adopting many of the Christmas customs, such as elaborate gift-giving and decoration. It is extremely ironic that this holiday, which has its roots in a revolution against adaptation and the dominance of Jewish religion, has become the most conformed, secular holiday on our calendar.The only religious observance related to the holiday is the lighting of candles. The candles are arranged in a candelabrum called a menorah (or sometimes called a chanukkiah). 7. Pesach: Passover Significance: Remembers the Exodus from Egypt ommunal retelling of the Exodus story Length: 8 days (Some: 7 days) Exodus 12:14-17 Agriculturally, it represents the beginning of th e harvest season in Israel, but little attention is paid to this aspect of the holiday.The primary observances of Pesach are related to the Exodus from Egypt after generations of slavery. This story is told in Exodus, Ch. 1-15. It refers to the fact that G-d â€Å"passed over† the houses of the Jews when he was slaying the firstborn of Egypt. In English, the holiday is known as Passover. â€Å"Pesach† is also the name of the sacrificial offering (a lamb) that was made in the Temple on this holiday.

Summarizing and contrasting two Explanatory Theories Essay

Social workers apply theories according to how they understand people in the context of their unique circumstances, besides theories in social work are fundamental as they guide and explain social work practices. This essay will attempt to summarize psychodynamic and systems theories, highlighting similarities and differences and contrasting the application of the two explanatory theories and a practice theory to the case scenario of Mary & Patrick. Psychodynamic Theories According to Preston-Shoot and Agass (1990), Psychodynamic theories derives from Freud and has been expanded and modified subsequently by the work of Jung, Hollis, Melanie Klein and object-relations theorists, as well as Goldstin and ego psychology. Other influences are Bowlby and Howe’s attachment theory and a major proponent like Erikson developmental theories. Walsh (2010), suggest that psychodynamic theories emphasise upon the interplay between conscious and unconscious forces (p.32). Furthermore, Freud describes the importance of unconscious thought processes and defence mechanisms in determining human behaviour and human motivation (p.34). Moreover, psychodynamic theories place importance on past experiences in shaping personality â€Å"unchangeable things in the past are causing a person’s present behaviour† (Payne, 1997, p. 92). Additionally, Brearley as cited in Lishman (2007), describes that psychodynamic thinking concerns certain key relationships, lik e self and significant other, past and present experience, and inner and outer reality. Hence, some of the central concepts of psychodynamic theories are Freud’s structural model of the psyche; the id, ego and superego and the mental life as operating on several levels: The conscious, the preconscious and the unconscious. Moreover, individuals develop defensive strategies to protect themselves from painful experiences thus the concepts of defence mechanisms such as denial, projection, splitting, rationalisation, sublimation and regression (Walsh 2010). Finally, other important concepts to consider are  anxiety, ambivalence, coping, transference, countertransference and inner world. Systems Theory Trevithick (2012), indicates that systems theory emphasises upon understanding the transactions between people and their environment. This theory recognises that a range of systems, including the intrapersonal and interpersonal, as well as neighbourhood and society impact individuals. Additionally, Healy (2005) suggests that transactions between person-environment are complex and non-linear. According to Healy (2005), Florence Hollis introduced the term systems theory to social work. She articulates some ways in which social workers could intervene in the client’s environment. Yet, one of the founders of general systems theory was Bertalanffy, who proposed that all inter-relationships between elements form the whole and recognise that all part of the system can never be entirely separated from each other. Another important proponent is Bronfenbrenner who proposes an ecological theory that centres on the relationship between the developing individual and the changing environmental systems, Bronfenbrenner suggests that the environment has an effect on the behaviour and how this is expressed (Guavian & Cole 1994). The social work discipline has expanded this perspective to explain that an individual is â€Å"constantly creating, restructuring, and adapting to the environment as the environment is affecting them† (Ungar, 2002). Additionally, Gordon Hearn and his colleagues pioneered the application of this theory to social work and Pincus, Minahan, Golstein, Germain, Gitterman, and Carol Meyer presented systems practice models. In recent years, Colin Peile proposed complex systems ideas in social work (Healy 2005). Furthermore, The different relationships of development called the microsystems; mesosystems and macrosystems are central concepts in systems theory. Microsystems, which refer to the relationship between a person and the immediate environment, such as school and family. Macrosystems refer to institutional patterns such as the economy, customs and policy. Other concepts such as homeostasis, defined as â€Å"the tendency of a biological organism to seek and keep some kind of operating balance in its internal process† (Leighninger, 1978, p.448).  Finally, other fundamental concepts to consider are input, feedback, roles, boundaries and subsystems. Similarities and differences Indeed, both psychodynamic and systems theories in social work have been adapted from theories originated in other disciplines, most notably from psychology and biology. Similarly, Psychodynamic and systems theories have been criticised because many of the concepts are difficult to understand and apply. In contrast, Trevithick (2012) indicates that for Freud and all later psychoanalytic theorists, the unconscious is the central concept, which differentiates psychoanalytic perspectives from systems theories. Furthermore, psychodynamic places attention on past experiences affecting current behaviour, whereas systems look at present circumstances impacting the individual. Finally, it is possible to say that psychodynamic theories focus on the individual’s behaviour, whereas systems locate individuals within their wider contexts. Case scenario: Mary From a systems perspective, a social worker could start by considering Mary’s family and social supports. It would be a good idea to use an ecomap for Mary and her family to gather data and analyse the impact that multiple systems are having in her situation. From an ecosystem perspective, the social worker could promote a supportive community for Mary. For instance, at a micro level the social worker could help Mary with the foster family or child care arrangements so that she does not have to travel so far with her baby, and so it is less stressful for her to go on visiting her other children. Other considerations to take into account could be exploring if Mary has anyone to whom she can turn in times of crisis, or if she has any friends, family, religious or community groups that can support her, or if social isolation is placing Mary at greater risk. Furthermore, exploring her relationship with her husband and visiting arrangements in jail. At a meso level, the social work er could consider external resources to help her financially so she can maintain her housing or alternatives for work or  training. By applying psychodynamic theory, a social worker could consider whether Mary’s lost of her parents have contributed to her unconscious conflicts or if other experiences of her past are affecting her mental stability. Furthermore, psychodynamic theories could be applied to understanding Mary’s and the children’s life stages and developmental needs. Is Mary functioning as a responsible adult? Is she able to appreciate the developmental needs of her children, especially her infant? Moreover, psychodynamic theory could be applied to interpret ways in which Mary’s defence mechanisms may be functioning. What role does denial play in the appraisal of her situation? From a strengths perspective, good practice would be to address her isolation. It would be good to encourage her to include more positive social interactions and use available resources. Moreover, recognizing the strengths that Mary possesses, reinforcing Mary’s capacity for wanting to seek hel p and empowering her to continue addressing her mental illness. Likewise, acknowledging her resilient characteristics. From this perspective the social worker needs to positively engage with Mary by asking good questions. This may involve asking: How have you managed to keep going? What would you like to see happening? What visions do you have for the future? What are you proud of? What would you like to change? How can I help you to achieve this change? In conclusion, each of these theoretical positions makes an important contribution to our understanding for practice. Both psychodynamic and systems theories have their strengths and weakness but can be helpful for understanding the client’s situation. Although a theory might seem to fit to a service-user, this doesn’t necessarily mean that this is the correct understanding of that person’s life so even if a theory appears to work, it is important to remain open-minded and maintain our reflective thinking. Likewise, when evaluating a theory’s applicability, social workers must consider whether the theories are helpful to u nderstanding and/or responding to their client’s circumstances. References Guavian, M. Cole, M. (1994). Readings on the Development of Children. Ecological Models of human development, NY: Freeman Healy, K. (2005) Social Work Theories in Context : Creating Frameworks for Practice. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire ; New York : Palgrave Macmillan Leighninger, R. (1978) ‘Systems Theory’, Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 5, 448-66. Retrieved from http://0web.b.ebscohost.com.alpha2.latrobe.edu.au Lishman, J. (2007). Handbook for Practice Learning in Social Work and Social Care: Knowledge and Theory. London ; Philadelphia : Jessica Kingsley Publishers Payne, M. (1997). Modern Social Work Theory. Chicago, IL: Lyceum. Preston – Shoot, M. and Agass, D. (1990) Making Sense of Social Work: Psychodynamics, Systems and Practice. Basingstoke: Macmillan. Trevithick, P. (2012). Social Work Skills and Knowledge: A Practice Handbook. Maidenhead McGraw-Hill/Open University Press Ungar, M. (2002). A Deeper, More Social Ecological Social Work Practice. Social Service Review, 2(16), 231-248. Walsh, J. (2010). Theories for Direct Social Work Practice. Belmont, Cal: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

IB Biology Potato Lab

Biology Potato Lab Table 1: Trial Number| Concentration of Sucrose Solution (M)  ±0. 2 ml| Initial Mass of Potato Core Slice(g)  ±0. 1 | Final Mass of Potato Core Slices (g)  ±0. 1| 1| 0. 0| 7. 7| 9. 3| 2| | 6. 0| 8. 1| 3| | 6. 2| 7. 4| 4| | 10. 2| 13. 2| 5| | 8. 7| 10. 3| 6| | 4. 9| 6. 0| 7| | 9. 2| 10. 4| 1| 0. 2| 5. 8| 6. 0| 2| | 11. 6| 12. 1| 3| | 2. 5| 3. 1| 1| 0. 4| 14. 4| 13. 9| 2| | 2. 6| 2. 8| 3| | 8| 6. 5| 1| 0. 6| 7. 3| 5. 3| 2| | 10. 7| 7. 3| 3| | 9. 6| 7. 4| 4| | 2. 9| 2. 8| 1| 0. 8| 5. 6| 3. 6| 2| | 16. 0| 13. 1| 3| | 11. 5| 5. 9| 1| 1. | 7. 9| 5. 4| 2| | 10. 0| 6. 7| 3| | 9. 6| 6. 2| 4| | 4. 7| 3. 2| Table 2: Calculations of Averages Concentration of Sucrose Solution (M)  ±0. 2 ml| Average Initial Mass of Potato Core Slice(g)  ±0. 1 | Average Final Mass of Potato Core Slices (g)  ±0. 1| Change in Mass (g)  ±0. 1| Percentage Change in Mass (%)| Standard Deviation of Initial Mass| Standard Deviation of Final Mass| 0. 0| 7. 6| 9. 2| 1. 6| 22. 3| 1. 9| 2. 4| 0. 2| 6. 6| 7. 1| 0. 5| 6. 5| 4. 6| 4. 6| 0. 4| 8. 3| 7. 7| -0. 6| -7. 2| 5. 9| 5. 7| 0. 6| 7. 6| 5. 7| -1. 9| -25. 2| 3. 5| 2. 2| 0. | 11. 0| 7. 5| -3. 5| -31. 7| 5. 2| 5. 0| 1. 0| 8. 1| 5. 4| -2. 7| -33. 2| 2. 4| 1. 5|Sample Calculations: To find average of initial mass of potato core with 0. 2M solution: # 1 + # 2 + # 3 / 3 5. 8 + 11. 6 +2. 5 / 3 = 6. 6 To find average of final mass of potato core with 1. 0M solution: # 1 + # 2 + # 3 + # 4 / 4 5. 4 + 6. 7 + 6. 2 + 3. 2 / 4 = 5. 4 To find change in mass in 0. 4M solution: Final mass – initial mass = change in mass 7. 7 – 8. 3 = -0. 6 To find percentage change in mass in 0. 6M solution: Final – initial / initial x 100 5. 7 – 7. 6 / 7. x 100 = -25. 2 Figure 1: The effect of sucrose solution on the mass of potato cores Figure 1: In the above graph, it’s visible that with an increasing concentration of sucrose solution there is also a decrease in the percent change in mass. The r? value of 0. 9416 re presents that there is a good relationship in the data between the concentration of sucrose solution and the percent change in mass. The relationship between the data can also be proven by the error bars, representing the standard deviation from the data points and the amount of uncertainty.With the small error bars we know that the data is reliable; although as the last few points overlap this indicates that the data is similar. Conclusion: I found that as the concentration of sucrose increased, the change in mass and percentage of the change in mass decreased. This data did support the hypothesis, as we knew from the term osmosis. Osmosis is the process of diffusion of water molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration. The concentration gradient between the potato and the sucrose solution lead to the amount of molecules coming in and out of the potato.Therefore, the data supports the hypothesis as when the water concentration was lower in the potato than in the sucrose solution, the water molecules moved through the semi-permeable membrane into the potato which caused it to gain weight. With a higher concentration of water in the potato, the result would be the opposite. Hence the prediction that the lower the concentration of sucrose, the higher the final weight of the potato was reinforced. The hypothesis is supported by the evidence of the graph. With a concentration of 0. M sucrose solution the increase in the change of mass was 1. 6g and a percentage change of 22. 3%. In comparison, the 0. 8M sucrose solution had a change in mass of -3. 5g and a loss of 31. 7%. Although in Figure 1 the r? value gives the impression that the data is very reliable, some of the error bars do overlap. While observing the data there are no outliers present, although when inspecting the change in mass the development between the 0. 8M concentration of sucrose and the 1. 0M numbers slightly increase; when accurately they would continue decreasing.This may perhaps be the result of certain potential errors. Evaluation: My results, while mostly concrete, had particular places where a few errors could have occurred; as they diff from the hypothesis that with a higher concentration of glucose there should be a decrease in the change of mass. As our class only had a certain amount of time to complete the lab, each group completed the lab with three different sucrose solutions. At the end of collecting our data, our classes’ results were compiled together to compare.An error is the fact that each group’s statistics came from different potatoes. As different potatoes were used, the pores in the membrane of each potato are different, causing a different amount of water molecules to be able to pass through and into the solution. This could prove the overall data to be unreliable. To fix this deviation, with more time a group can complete their own lab with the full data with a single potato. Another error is the factor of te mperature. Temperature affects osmosis as with a higher temperature the molecules are moving faster, causing osmosis to increase.As we left our beaker s with the potato cores inside the classroom overnight, the classroom temperature may have increased or decreased which would affect the rate of osmosis inside the beaker. Due to the fact that it’s September, we can assume that the classroom temperature would decrease overnight; including the consequences that perhaps a window or door would have been left open. As the temperature in the classroom decreased, the rate of osmosis did as well. To fix this normal variation error, the temperature of the classroom could be recorded as we placed the beakers around the classroom to be left.Overnight it would be made sure that no windows or doors are left open, and that the temperature stays the same throughout the experiment. A systematic error has to do with the scales that were used. The scales were a necessity for this lab; itâ€℠¢s important that they’re working correctly. While planning for this lab not at one point were the scales that we were using checked to make sure that they were fully functioning. This could establish the scale giving off false numbers which changes our entire experiment. At the beginning before proceeding with the lab it must be made sure that the equipment is regularly checked and operative.To do so, we can take an object that we can identify the weight of, and test it on the scale to make sure it’s correct. As an extension to this investigation, it could be completed again but testing osmosis with more of a variety of the amount of sucrose solution- it could exceed a concentration of 1M to extend to 2M. This experiment could also be completed using different time frames; instead of letting the potatoes rest for one day they could be let stand for one hour, or two hours to test how osmosis works within this shorter time frame.To fix our errors stated above, we must f irst make sure that all of our equipment is running properly and that the temperature of the room does not vary overnight. Bibliography: Diffusion and osmosis. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://hyperphysics. phy-astr. gsu. edu/hbase/kinetic/diffus. html McGraw-Hill. (2006). How osmosis works. Retrieved from http://highered. mcgraw-hill. com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_osmosis_works. html

Field Experience Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Field Experience - Research Paper Example It is also a setting where various social groups such as families, couples, friends and even individual visitors will feel comfortable, since the place is set to be all-inclusive. There are different components that give different categories of people a reason to visit. Description of the setting The setting of the Disney Land Theme Park and Resort is all-inclusive, with different segments that people may want to engage in, such as the entertainment, sports, the sit-down restaurants, the food stands where people can purchase different types of foods stuffs, especially snacks, beverages and other light food items. There are also gift shops where people can purchase gifts for their friends, spouses and even family members, since the gift shops are stocked with a variety of gifts, which makes it possible for the visitors to select from a variety. There are various sorts of rest places where people can rest and talk, including in the open air as they enjoy the sun, or under the shades. T here are different themes for each particular attraction, which include animals, historical artifacts, fish in their ponds, waterfalls, Splash Mountains, woodland-for-plays, jungle cruise and the fantasyland, where one sings along the classic tunes, while the mind is wandering into the fullness of precious fantasies. The setting is well constituted, to give a visitor the best of feelings and enjoyment, which allows the visitor to forget all other concerns and the aspects of life difficulties, to live an entirely new life, at least for the moment one is in this place. Several games such as the Roller coasters are available, while dining and accommodation services are also adequately available. Entertainment, especially in form of live performances is a common phenomenon in Disneyland, while cool music that brings back sweet memory is also always in play. Observations of the interactions that took place A visit to Disneyland is one of the most thrilling experiences that an individual can ever have. Just by setting the foot on Disneyland, the reality of dreams, fantasy and wild imaginations comes into the forefront, while the stress and any life concern seems to disappears, at least for the moment spent in this Theme Park and Resort. At the entrance, there is a welcoming sign that tells the visitor the type of expectations they should have during the time spent in the Theme Park and in the Resort. The welcoming note tells the visitor to welcome to the place where imagination is the destination. This welcoming sign alone, is sufficient to prepare the mind of the visitor and make it wander from expectation to expectation, increasing the desire to enter and witness the real content of Disneyland. The opening time is 8 a.m. There was already a queue of about 500 people waiting to enter, who consisted of families, couples, friends and even singles. The ticketing service was excellent, since there are many ticket sellers, who serve the customers very fast, ensuring tha t the visitors do not spend long in the queue. There are various kinds of tickets that are sold to the visitors, depending on the visitors preferences. Bonus tickets are also available, which ensures that customers who buy tickets worth a lot of money also get some bonuses to receive more benefits and services from the Disneyland Theme Park and Resort. The adults are charged from $87, depending on the areas of visitation and the activities to indulge

Intercutural Conflict Resolution Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Intercutural Conflict Resolution - Assignment Example Culture is a primary influence of certain behavior, for instance, how individuals communicate or, essentially, how individual relate to one another. Moreover, conflicts arise when one individual enters a certain group of individuals who are of different behaviors since adaptation will need some bit of clashing. In essence, it is better for one to acquire culture for persuasive communication if actually that culture can pave the way for certain interactions. Culture-specific knowledge can include the taboos and codes for the culture one wishes to acquire. It is imperative that different ways in which people embrace while resolving conflicts exist, hence, the term â€Å"intercultural conflicts resolution†. Mitchell Hammer did set a system that resolves the cultural conflicts (Lederach, 1996, p.67). The system is of two theories, namely direct versus indirect. In addition, he believes that people should heed the fact that cultural communities have different styles that conflict their culture in communities. Hence, that knowledge calls for mutual understanding of one’s behavior to avoid conflicting issues. In this scenario, verbal direct path is vital, this is because one will mean what he or she says, and again will say what he or she means. The northern European and white American cultures are admirable examples of the cultures that use discussion styles in communication, and so this is the best way of conflict dodging. Similarly, the engagement style also fits proper communication that avoids conflict. It is noteworthy that in the engagement style, sincerity is a key factor and so it judges the intensity that each party passes to communicate. Moreover, the recommendation style puts its emphasis on the language that is ambiguous. This minimizes the chance of conflict arousal. Herein, this style maintains calm emotion and, hence, reserving it to avoid conflict. Emphasizing conflict does arise between the

Economic paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Economic paper - Essay Example Shelly has already indicated that she would not consider any buyer who intends to relocate the L.A. Clippers franchise. In addition, she is keen to get a sale price that would leave the Sterlings with â€Å"enough† money after the hefty tax obligations (Shelbourne). This presents an issue with the evaluation of such a sports franchise. Sports franchises are often valued at significant amounts. For instance, the L.A. Clippers was valued at $575 million in January 2014 (Forbes). The values of basketball, football and hockey teams may seem astonishing as well as ambiguous because it might not be clear how the values of the teams are arrived at. This is because many people do cannot ascertain how a team’s performance, qualities, assets, accomplishments, ticket prices, venue, concession sales and broadcasting revenue contribute to the overall value. There are various approaches that are use in valuation: income approach; market comparison, and asset-based approach. According to Baum, Baum and Nunnington (67), the value of a team would be computed on the present value of the future net cash flows that it will be in existence. This method utilizes a value estimate based on on expected cash flow obtained through the discounted cash flows method. An anlyst makes assumptions on how the various value drivers contribute to expected earnings and work backwards to compute the present value. This is a common method in valuing sports franchises and it utilizes factors such as team performance, ticket sales and stadium attributes. The market comparison approach uses the competition principles in a free market and depends on the hypothesis that the price of one investment applies comparable investments with little mofifications (Munizzo and Musial 126). Analyst looks at the actual data on generated revenues, one can make comparisons between a franchise that is being valued and other franchises that have recently been traded. Some of the important

Management - Managing People For A Competitive Advantage Essay

Management - Managing People For A Competitive Advantage - Essay Example A common and visible example of unfair discrimination is a company asking for women applicants to be over 40 (so as to avoid the loss incurring out of leave of absence due to child birth). (B) Fair Discrimination Discrimination usually carries a negative connotation, kind of a stereotype for the word. However, the term does have a positive note, discriminations such as ‘teens below 16 should not be allowed to drive’ is a positive stereotype for the term as it is rationally correct. Fair discrimination is when the discrimination is (Featherman, Hall and Krislov 77-79) (Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration): (i) Mandatory by law (example: Children below 16 cannot drive) (ii) â€Å"Based on affirmative action† (Simon 3-7) (example: setting up quotas based on gender or race). The positive effects of affirmative action are quite controversial, Rai and Critzer (2000, p. 8-11) argue that government authorized or forceful discrimination (quotas) is also unfair discrimination as such an activity might allow a person with lower qualification get the ‘quota advantage’.

Uses of Simulation Technology in Hospitals Article

Uses of Simulation Technology in Hospitals - Article Example Simulation is based on three types, which are live, virtual and also constructive simulation. It can also be of combined styles with live simulation involving humans or equipment and activity in a setting where the operation is real. The virtual simulation, on the other hand, involves humans and equipment but in a computerized controlled setting (Wilson & Rockstraw, 2011). This mainly depends on time factor making the users concentration extremely significant. Constructive simulations do not involve humans or equipment rather than time and the occurrence of events. These can be seen by the occurrence of hurricane among others. How Simulation can be used as Orientation Teaching Modalities Simulation is used for training in schools to procedures which are irreversible such as patient care and surgery. This is also used in testing the student’s performance in communication skills, application of the knowledge they have and also be able to think critically. Through simulation, the students are able to be provided by a powerful learning experience (Bayley & Drury, 1998). Through this, they are grouped for the purpose of assessment. Simulation has enabled students to take part in fragile and surgical patient treatment. Most of the students gain experience as the devices are able to be controlled in case of a misunderstanding of a student or an emergency thereby not causing deaths and injuries. Learning in the healthcare system requires the knowledge and skills which are mostly developed through apprenticeship. Through the situations occurrence in the livelihood, the students are able to gain experience and become more competent. This is seen as a better way of learning as the experiences enable them applying their skills. Simulation also offers a scheduled and a learning experience which is not easily obtained in real life. Students can obtain techniques on dealing with a high workload, coordination under stress and gaining of information regarding principles to be considered as they put it in practice (Dyro, 2004). Through simulation, the learners are able to correct their mistakes without an expertise intervention as it is computerized. This gives an adequate knowledge of the areas with flaws so as to avoid future mistakes. The learning experience through the simulation process can also be customized. The stimulation process incorporates all students despite being experts in the field (Dyro, 2004). The simulation training method is helpful when it comes to illness like heart attack, allergic reactions and malignant hyperthermia among others. Simulation allows repetition of activities which provides a better place for one’s learning experience in the field (Kyle & Murray, 2008). How Simulation can be used in the Academic Setting In the academic setting, stimulation is used for research purposes. Many research activities happen in order to improve the patients’ safety and also in dealing with difficult illnesses, which have emerged. This also improves the quality of services provided as it is undemanding to evaluate an improved system of treatment. New procedures can be studied under the simulated conditions through the tests conducted. The different kinds of simulation which include virtual live and computer based may be used in finding a solution to a given research conducted (Wilson & Rockstraw, 2011). Through simulation, learners can experience a safe environment for practice. This is because of the technology which prevents one from endangering the health of the patient which makes it a better tool to be used as compared to the traditional education which was risky to the patient’s life (Satava, 1995). The environment can also be seen to as conducive as it allows learning

Practice Analysis with Whistlers Mother Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Practice Analysis with Whistlers Mother - Essay Example The painter used different colors in order to differentiate between the background and the image of a woman. The background also includes things which show the viewer that the woman was in the house like the curtain and a piece of picture at the wall. The painter has used good colors which can make and an individual to think that the painting is real. The color of the face is that of a white woman. He has used different colors in order to differentiate different parts of the body and cloths. For example, the head cover is white in color while the dress is black ((Margaret ‎and James 77). The image is well designed and of high quality. The painter used color to make the image more attractive to the viewers. Black and white colors are hot and attract individuals from fare. The painter also painted the women sited in order to bring up the aspect of relaxing (Margaret ‎and James

Employee Burnout Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Employee Burnout - Essay Example At the end, the writer will render her opinion on the issue discussed. Employee burnout is often associated with workers feeling "lethargic, empty, and no longer able to take satisfaction in their jobs (ASTD)." In order to understand this problem more thoroughly, we will turn to the three common symptoms of employee burnout. Often, the first sign of employee burnout is emotional exhaustion from one's work. This happens when the employee complains of feeling drained up, at the end of the rope, and physical fatigue. Work has become dreadful and everyday in the office has become agonizing. Next, the employee cope with the situation by depersonalizing his/her relationship with his/her colleagues. The worker may resort to creating distance between himself/herself with his boss. The last sign is a feeling of low personal accomplishment where the worker feels that he/she is not contributing to the organization or community (Jackson & Schuler 2). Knowing the general symptoms of employee burnout, we now turn to their various causes. Employee burnout happens within an organization where there are no rewards and control. Emotional exhaustion is largely caused by these factors.

Private Prisons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Private Prisons - Essay Example This is because with lesser and lesser Federal and State budgets for social expenditure, profit making organisations such as these are likely to generate extra money for the government through outsourcing instead of being net expenditures. 2. In the American correction system the role of jails is to confine people under lawful detention, compared to prisons where only convicted people are housed. A large proportion of the jail population is pre-trial (estimated 60 %) (3), and in this group neither punishment nor rehabilitation is the motive, it is simply detaining possible, but unproven offenders for reducing the risk to society. The rest of the jail population consists of those who have received very short sentences often for minor offences like drunken driving and petty theft. In an average 1000-bed jail, it has been estimated that the turnover rate is 36 - i.e. 36,000 pass through the system in a year. Thus jail administrators face very different issues than the prison population. Firstly the background and health issues facing this population is largely unknown, and they must be hyper vigilant that anyone in their custody do not suddenly turn violent or develop sudden illness.

American Me Essay Example for Free

American Me Essay The film; American Me is an epic depiction of 30 years of Chicano gang life in Los Angeles, California. The movie focuses on the life of a 1950s teen named Montoya Santana, who forms a gang with his close friends. The gang is arrested for a break-in, and sentenced to time in juvenile hall. Santana finds trouble on his first night in juvenile hall and goes from juvenile hall to prison for 18 years. There he created and led a powerful gang that operated both inside and outside the prison. When released from Folsom Prison, he tries to make sense of the violence in his life, in a world that has changed greatly. Inspired by a true story, the film provides a fictionalized account of the founding and rise to power of the Mexican Mafia in the California prison system from the 1950s into the 1980s. The story opens by taking the viewer on a journey back in time to the Zoot Suit era of World War II before the birth of Montoya Santana. Santana’s parents were Zoot Suitors. It is here that Santana’s destiny began. Because of the wartime labor shortage of this era, the American and Mexican governments agreed to a program by which braceros (contract laborers) were admitted to the United States for a limited time to work at specific jobs.. Mexican Americans were the second largest group of migrants after Black Americans in the 1940s. The influx of Mexican Americans created societal change. â€Å"The sudden expansion of Mexican American neighborhoods created tensions and some conflicts within white society and governmental bodies. White residents of Los Angeles became alarmed at the activities of Mexican American teenagers, most of whom were joining street gangs. Zoot Suits became popular (baggy pants, long loose jacket, the big collar, the long watch chain, the slicked back hair, broad-brimmed hats), which became a symbol of rebellion against conventional white society† (www. stuffliketaht. org, 2010). Thus the term, Zoot Suit was born. â€Å"In Mid-1943, a four-day riot in LA broke out because of the hatred toward the Zoot-suitors. White sailors invaded Mexican American communities and attacked Zoot Suitors. The city police did nothing to restrain the sailors, who grabbed the Hispanic teenagers, tore off and burned their clothes, cut off their hair, and beat them. However, when Hispanics tried to fight back, the police moved in and arrested them. After the Zoot Suit riots, LA passed a law prohibiting the wearing Zoot Suits† (www. stufflikethat. org, 2010) It was during these riots that Santana’s parents Pedro and Esperanza were attacked. After being beaten, Pedro was arrested by local police for being a Zoot Suitor. Violently raped, Esperanza had her clothes torn off by a multitude of Caucasian sailors. The film brings the viewer forward in time to 1959 with Santana as a young man of 16 growing up in the barrios with his friends and fellow gang members Mundo and JD. After being arrested and sent to juvenile hall, Santana has his â€Å"manhood† taken from him on the first night and murders the man who sodomized him. The power and respect that killing this man brought from his peers was intoxicating; his act also brought him a long prison sentence. During many years of incarceration, Santana and his gang affiliates grew their business and their numbers both inside and outside the prison. Upon his release from prison, he was surprised how much life and the barrios had changed. Santana struggled as he observed the power plays between the Italian mafia, the Black Guerillas, and the Aryan Brotherhood. They all wanted more territory and more business. This created internal conflict for the main character as the roots of his belief about his gang Por Vida (for life) was to lift and strengthen the Chicano communities. . His associates saw this internal struggle as weakness. Santana’s challenges in society were appropriate socialization and healthy behavior in romantic relationships. After a short time on the outside, Santana is arrested, and returned to prison. It is here that Santana’s life ends. He is brutally murdered by his gang associates for not going along with a decision. The Santana family lived in the same home in the barrios (ghetto) of East Los Angeles for some 30 years, their economic status described as poor working class. Santana’s’ parents were Mexican American. Santana’s ethnicity is partially unknown, as he was born as a product of his mothers’ rape. Some of Santana’s strengths were his strong family and neighborhood ties, his abilities to organize and lead people, his loyalty, and pride. He also had a very sensitive side to him, which was deep, poetic, and soulful. The primary presenting issues of the character Santana are: He comes from a background of poverty, lacking education and job skills. His neighborhood role models and leaders were gangbangers or Zoot Suitors. He spent most of his life institutionalized in prison and lacks socialization skills, such as knowing how to buy a pair of shoes or how to go about build relationship with a woman. He has never had a healthy sexual relationship and his sexual and relational development was largely thwarted by living in prison. The main character would be well served with supports in assessing and developing career skills and opportunities for continuing education as well. A human service worker could best help assist Santana by having knowledge of the culture background, local cultural competency support and resources, pertinent cultural information and have certain skills that are common to assisting with minority individuals and groups. These common skills include communication, access to interpreters, assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation, drawing upon a range of theories of human and group behavior, knowledge of individual differences and the minority identity development model and stages for change, and an awareness of the larger social context of Santana’s. â€Å"To be an effective human service worker, it is important to apply various skills with an understanding of relevant theories and minority identity models and be able to choose appropriate intervention strategies and methods for particular situations. There is no substitute for working with individuals or groups; an important part of enhancing a workers intervention skills is obtaining hands-on experience† (Human services Interventions, 2002). Some culturally competent local support services and agencies suggested for Santana are as follows: â€Å"Friends-CARE is a nonprofit organization designed to break the cycle of generational crime. Its purpose is to raise awareness regarding the children and families of the incarcerated. Friends-CARE does provide services, intervention, community resources, and programs for these families and supports the appropriate relationships between inmates and their families upon returning to the community† (www. friends-Care. org, 2010). California Gangs Anonymous (CGA) â€Å"CGA is a twelve step program for criminals and gang members both inside and outside the prison system. Participants attend meetings regularly and express the genuine details, past and present of their lives, CGA is a place to let our emotions out freely in a safe environment. CGA is about honesty, hope, solutions, and alternatives to living a happier life† (www.cganon. com 2010). Sacramento Food Bank and Family Services – â€Å"Adult Education program provides unique learning opportunities to adults at no cost in a supportive, highly personalized and non-judgmental environment. Education is provided in the classroom setting as well as through one-on-one tutoring and appointments. All services are free to the community and open to adults over the age of 18. Educational services include tutoring in literacy, math, reading and writing, English as a Second Language (ESL) classes, assistance with job searches, resume building workshops, computer basics classes in English and Spanish† (www.sfbfs. org, 2010). After evaluation of Santana’s background and presenting issues, the assessors recommend an intervention treatment plan consisting of the above-mentioned community resources Criminals/Gang Members Anonymous for working through what it means to be gang affiliated, Friends-CARE as an external support including participating in a program intended to build/re-build family relationships after incarceration. As these family relationships may serve as strong supports as the client moves away from gang related activities and individuals. Additionally, the SFBFS Adult Education Program, where Santana can build his English-speaking skills, acquires an education, job skills, and takes computer classes. Socialization and sexual socialization therapy is strongly suggested. The founding and rise of the Mexican mafia in 1950s East Los Angeles was inevitable. The wartime indecencies to the previous Mexican American generation known as the Zoot-suitors caused a community to want to stand strongly as a people. A natural and inherent part of Mexican culture is to gather, to band together as family and friends in strength and celebration. Perhaps a Mexican gang is a distorted extension of this natural inclination to gather and join in strength caused by acculturation present within white society. References CGA (n. d. ). CGA. Retrieved August 30, 2010, from www. cganon. org (n. d. ). History Review Sheet. Retrieved August 30,2010, from www. stufflikethat. org/minorities Human Service Interventions (2002). Working with Individuals or with Groups. Retrieved August 31, 2010, from http://www. cpcs. umb. edu/support/studentsupport/red_book/humser_intervention_one. htm Sacramento Food Bank and Family Services. (). SFBFS [Brochure]. Sacramento, CA: Author. Universal (Producer), Olnos, E. J. (Director).

Factors Affecting Animal Growth

Factors Affecting Animal Growth Modern cattle are descendants of Bos indicus and Bos Taurus (Gillespie, 1992). According to Lawrie (1991) these breeds are believed to be descended from Bos primigenius, the wild cattle. The last representative of the wild species died in Poland in 1627 (Zeuner, 1963). Lawrie (1991) reported that domestication of cattle followed the establishment of settled agriculture about 5000 B.C. and domestication of hump-back cattle (Bos indicus) existed in Mesopotamia by 4500 B.C. Garner (1944) stated that the immediate predecessor of majority of the breeds of British cattle was Bos longifrons, which was of relatively small frame rather than Bos primigenius which is massive in size. The development of many present British breeds was due to the early improvements initiated by Bakewell in the middle of the eighteenth century, who introduced in-breeding, the use of proven sires, selection and culling (Lawrie, 1991). Since 1790, the focus on cattle improvement is towards smaller, younger and leaner animals; and there has been growing realization that breed potentialities will not be fully manifested without adequate food given at the right time in the growth pattern of the animal (Hammond, 1932a). Lawrie (1991) suggested that a beef animal should be well covered with flesh, blocky and compact-thus reducing the proportion of bone whereas in a dairy animal the frame should be angular with relatively little flesh cover, the body should be cylindrical thus accommodating the large digestive tract necessary for efficient conversion of food into milk and mammary tissue should be markedly developed. Aberdeen Angus has been regarded as the premier breed for good-quality meat (Gerrard, 1951). Lawrie (1991) reported that one of the reasons for the good eating quality of the Aberdeen Angus is its tenderness which is due to the small size of the muscle bundles, smaller animals having smaller bundles. Good-quality meat can also be attained by feeding concentrates such as barley to beef cattle (Preston et al., 1963). Efforts have been made to cross various breeds of Bos indicus (Zebu cattle) with British breeds, to combine the heat resisting properties of the former with the meat-producing characteristics of the latter (Lawrie, 1991). Unfortunately, unusual breeds of cattle are found within a normal breed: dwarf Snorter cattle occur within various breeds in U.S.A., and pronounced muscular hypertrophy, which is often more noticeable in the hind quarters and explains the name doppelender given to the condition, arises in several breeds e.g. Charollais and South Devon (McKellar, 1960). Recessive genes are thought to be responsible in both cases (Lawrie, 1991). FACTORS AFFECTING THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CATTLE Lawrie (1991) reported that as an animal grows two things happen: first, it increases in weight until mature size is reached; this is called growth and secondly it changes in its body conformation, shapes and its various functions and faculties come into full being; this is referred to as development. Genetic factors According to Lawrie (1991) several economically important traits in meat animals are heritable to some degree and can thus be selected for by breeding. In cattle, certain growth features are controlled by recessive genes which have not so far been controlled, complicating breeding. One such trait is dwarfism; another is the doppelender or double muscling condition, which causes muscle hypertrophy and thereby increases the animals commercial value (Lawrie and Ledward, 2006). Genetic analysis continues to reveal the genetic mechanisms that control numerous aspects of the endocrine system and, through it, meat growth and quality as concluded by Lawrie and Ledward (2006). Genetic engineering techniques can shorten breeding programmes significantly because they allow for the identification and isolation of genes coding for desired traits, and for the reincorporation of these genes into the animal genome as reported by Lawrie and Ledward. Experimental reproductive cloning of commercially important meat animals such as sheep, pig or cattle has been successful. The multiple asexual reproductions of animals bearing desirable traits can thus be anticipated, although this is not yet practical on a commercial scale. Environmental Factors Heat regulation in livestock especially cattle is of great economic significance, because mammals attempt to maintain a constant optimal body temperature (Lawrie and Ledward, 2006). Low temperatures tend to prolong animal development and high temperatures tend to retard it. Depending on their size, body shape and insulation through tissue and fur, some animals have a relatively narrow zone of temperature tolerance and others (e.g. cattle) a broad one. Static magnetic fields, for reasons still unknown, also retard animal development. Nutritional Factors Acker and Cunningham (1991) reported that the quality and quantity of usable meat depends on the animals plane of nutrition, i.e., whether it is over or underfed. The composition of the diet, especially the amount of protein provided, is also an important factor regulating animal growth and development (Wardlaw, 2000). Cattle digest cellulose which is better adapted to poor-quality diets, but their ruminal microorganisms degrade high-quality protein if supplied in excess, because producing high-quality protein animal feed is expensive. Several techniques are employed or experimented with to ensure maximum utilization of protein. These include the treatment of feed with formalin to protect amino acids during their passage through the rumen, the recycling of manure by feeding it back to cattle mixed with feed concentrates, or the partial conversion of petroleum hydrocarbons to protein through microbial action (Gillespie, 1998). In plant feed, environmental factors influence the availability of crucial nutrients or micronutrients, a lack or excess of which can cause a great many ailments. In Australia, for instance, where the soil contains limited phosphate, cattle are being fed additional phosphate to increase the efficiency of beef production. Also in Australia, cattle and sheep in certain areas were often found losing their appetite and dying in the midst of rich pasture; this was at length found to be a result of cobalt deficiency in the soi (Acker and Cunningham, 1991). Gillespie (1998) stated that plant toxins are also a risk to grazing animals; for instance, fluoracetate, found in some African and Australian plants, kills by disrupting the cellular metabolism. Certain man-made pollutants such as methyl mercury and some pesticide residues present a particular hazard due to their tendency to bioaccumulate in meat, potentially poisoning consumers. SLAUGHTERING AND KILLING OF CATTLE Slaughtering Religious slaughtering The Welfare of Animals (Slaughter or Killing) Regulations 1995 (as amended) (WASK) require that all animals are stunned before slaughter, using the methods of stunning prescribed by the Regulations, subject to specific exemptions. One of these exemptions refers to slaughter without the infliction of unnecessary suffering by the Jewish method for the food of Jews; or by the Muslim method for the food of Muslims, provided the requirements for the licensing of slaughter men under the Regulations are met. Since a complete bleed is necessary, cattle are not stunned before bleeding (Donin, 1972). Religious issues surrounding slaughter without pre-stunning were explored in detail in the FAWC report on religious slaughter published in 1985 and have not been reiterated in this report. Council has taken account of relevant information generated since then in drawing its conclusions. Jewish method The Jewish method of slaughtering animals for food (Shechita) requires that they be healthy at the time of slaughter and must not have suffered any physical injury. For this reason, pre-slaughter stunning methods that are judged to cause physical injuries prior to cutting the throat have been considered unacceptable for this slaughter method. Cattle are restrained in an upright position in a specialized pen with the head held fast and the neck exposed in a suitable position for incision of the throat. A transverse cut is made using a reciprocal, uninterrupted motion of the knife. The intention is to produce an immediate outpouring of blood by severing both jugular veins and both carotid arteries. The knife used for cattle has a long, extremely sharp and undamaged blade. After the cut has been made the animal must remain restrained until it is bled out before being released, shackled and hoisted. With Rabbinical approval some premises have adopted a post-cut stun for cattle. The Islamic method The Muslim method of slaughter (Halal) is, in many respects, similar to Shechita. However, pre-slaughter stunning methods for cattle and sheep that have been demonstrated not to kill the animal, such that the heart is still beating, have been deemed acceptable and have routinely been adopted in many Halal slaughterhouses. The level of restraint required to expose the throat, perform an effective cut and hold the animal still until it has bled out is greater than is needed for conventional slaughter. The restraining pens used for this purpose require Ministerial approval. This is designed to protect bovine animals from any avoidable pain, suffering, agitation, injuries or contusions in the pen and in particular to ensure effective means of restraint and support (WASK). The design and operation of restraining pens are assessed by the SVS before Ministerial approval is given. Humane slaughtering Cattle are slaughtered by being first stunned and then exsanguinated (bled out). Death results from the one or the other procedure, depending on the methods employed. Stunning can be effected through asphyxiating the animals with carbon dioxide, shooting them with a gun or a captive bolt pistol, or shocking them with electric current as reported by Lawrie and Ledward (2006). According to Lawrie (1991) draining as much blood as possible from the carcass is necessary because blood causes the meat to have an unappealing appearance and is a very good breeding ground for microorganisms. The exsanguination is accomplished by severing the carotid artery and the jugular vein in cattle and sheep, and the anterior vena cava in pigs. Bleeding According to Beinempaka et al., (1990) the neck of the animal is cut and it is allowed to bleed by hoisting it up. They also reported that adequate bleeding is essential to reduce meat spoilage since blood is a good source of moisture and nutrition for most of the contaminating organisms. This indicates that the amount of blood retained in the beef determines the degree of spoilage of the beef. Panda, (1986) reported that the amount of blood drained out from different types of birds vary depending on the stunning technique and physiological condition of the cattle. Deskinning and dressing This process of deskinning is done manually or mechanical and manual at the same time. The mechanical and manual ones are normally done at the abattoirs. This involves using a sharp knife to deskin the animal while the machine pulls the skin off the animal. Dressing involves the opening of the carcass to remove the internal organs (Beinempaka et al., 1990). Care must be taken in removing the intestines, as an unintentional incision may result in the distribution of fecal bacteria onto carcass possibly contaminating the beef (Borch and Arinder, 2002). Washing Following the deskinning and dressing stage is the washing stage. It involves using a stream of water which removes dirt and the amount of blood retained in the carcass. This helps in reducing microbial load present on the carcass. Chilling This is done immediately after the preparation of the carcass and must last for as short a time as possible to avoid bacterial proliferation (Gracey, 1986). Nester et al., (2001) stated that chilling inhibits the growth of micro-organisms such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp at temperature below 3-50C. Chilling in a common bath may result in cross-contamination from Escherichia and Salmonella carriers to free carcasses (Cross et al., 1988). NUTRITIVE VALUE OF BEEF The use of lean and clean beef is advisable to include in diet, it could be as an ingredient in stews or traditional recipes. Beef is a popular meat rich in protein, being a red meat had always made it a bad food when it comes to studies and researches (Owen et al., 2005). Wardlaw, (2000) stated that, a lean beef adds to health benefits related to heart and prevention of cancer. As a matter of fact, no one can deny that beef is an important source of protein. Beef is found to be very rich in Iron, Zinc, Selenium, Phosphorus, Potassium and Magnesium. Sodium and Copper are found in good quantities. However, minute quantities of Calcium and Manganese are also present. According to Acker and Cunningham (1991), beef is one of the best sources for Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6 Niacin and Riboflavin. However, it is also rich in Thiamin and Pantothenic Acid. Small amounts of Vitamin E, Vitamin K and Foliate are present. According to Owen et al., (2005) the calorie count of Beef per 100 gm is 155.0; it is meat which is higher in protein and moderate in fat. Beef is good for bones and teeth. It enhances immunity against infections of ear etc., and prevents blood vessel walls from damaging. Moderate consumption of lean beef is altogether good for cardiovascular health and to prevent cancer risks. The amount of fat in beef carcasses has decreased compared to what it was during the middle of the twentieth century; beef contains about 6 percent less fat (Gillespie, 1998). FRESHNESS OF DRESSED BEEF Beef is a perishable product and may cause public health concerns. Fresh beef is most likely to spoil before it will cause food-borne diseases (Gill, 1998). For preserved meat the opposite may be the case, where micro-organisms have been eliminated. There is the tendency to use milder preservation methods either because of energy saving, because of consumers preference for mildly cured or cooked products, or their desire for having more fresh beef products or because of an aversion to the use of preservatives (Panda, 1995). According to Lawrie and Ledward (2006) in order to satisfy these demands, it will be necessary for meat industry to improve microbial monitoring of production including hygiene and to formulate processes which will give minimal variation in their results. Although intensive work is being carried out by meat industries to find substitutes for known processes with equivalent inactivation or inhibition of microbial froth, no overall acceptable alternative seems to be readily available (Gracey, 1986). QUALITY OF BEEF The quality grades are based on the degree of marbling (intramuscular fat) in the beef, and the maturity of the animal at slaughter (USDA, 2007). A quality grade is a composite evaluation of factors that affect palatability of meat; tenderness, juiciness, and flavor. These factors include carcass maturity, firmness, texture, and color of lean, and the amount and distribution of marbling within the lean. Beef carcass quality grading is based on degree of marbling and degree of maturity (Hale et al., 2007). Texture Meat from less tender cuts or older cattle can be mechanically tenderized by forcing small, sharp blades through the cuts to disrupt the proteins (Denver, 2003). Also, solutions of exogenous proteolytic enzymes such as papain, bromelin or ficin can be injected to augment the endogenous enzymes (USDA, 2007). Similarly, solutions of salt and sodium phosphates can be injected to soften and swell the myofibrillar proteins. This improves juiciness and tenderness. Flavour Evaporation concentrates the remaining proteins and increases flavor intensity; the molds can contribute a nut-like flavor. The majority of the tenderizing effect occurs in the first 10 days, although two to three days allow significant effects. Boxed beef, stored and distributed in vacuum packaging, is, in effect, wet aged during distribution. Premium steakhouses dry age for 21 to 28 days or wet age up to 45 days for maximum effect on flavor and tenderness.. Salt can improve the flavor, but phosphate can contribute a soapy flavor. SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION OF BEEF Lawrie (1991) suggested that contamination of beef is a continuing possibility from the moment of bleeding until consumption. Contamination of beef from the moment of bleeding until consumption is from microbial to physical contamination. The microbiological contamination of carcasses occurs mainly during processing and manipulation, such as skinning, evisceration, storage and distribution at slaughterhouses and retail establishments (Gill, 1998; Abdalla et al., 2009). Fecal matter was a major source of contamination and could reached carcasses through direct deposition, as well as by indirect contact through contaminated and clean carcasses, equipment, workers, installations and air (Borch and Arinder, 2002). Cattle slaughter operations, such as bleeding, dressing and evisceration, expose sterile muscle to microbiological contaminants that were present on the skin, the digestive tract and in the environment (Gill and Jones, 1999; Bacon et al.,2000). Moreover, dirty workers hands, clothes and equipments of the slaughterhouse and at the market by retailers act as intermediate sources of contamination of meat (Gill, 1998; Gilmour et al., 2004; AbdelSadig, 2006; Abdalla et al., 2009). Also, handling and storage of beef contribute effectively to meat contamination (Beinempaka et al., 1990). The storage place should be clean and preferably cold (400F). Any temperature above will contribute to microbial growth which act on the meat and cause spoilage whereas the beef must be handled with proper care. METHODS OF MINIMIZING CONTAMINATION OF BEEF Rangaswani (1983) reported that meat quality could be enhanced and prolonged when the causes of microbial contamination are drastically reduced or removed altogether. He stated further that quality and wholesomeness of meat depend on many factors of which the following are part: Source of Beef Meat from abattoir slaughtered animals and well established farms generally have less bacteria counts than meat from backyard slaughtered animals because at the abattoir or farm, all the necessary safety and hygiene consideration are undertaken. The level of infection is thus minimized unlike backyard slaughtered animals where animals are killed and dressed on the floor with no better hygiene condition (Zeigler, 1966). Health of Animals Beef from healthy animals keep longer than beef from diseased cattle. This is so because beef from healthy animals are more likely to be free from any microbes unlike diseased cattle. Zeigler (1966) reported that veterinary inspection should be the priority when animals are being slaughtered since it will be proven whether animals are free from any diseases. Method of Slaughter Meat from bruised animals, improperly bled animals, meat contaminated with faeces during evisceration and meat soiled with dirt from skin tends to spoil early. The normal micro flora from the skin of carcasses includes Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli and organisms of fecal origin (Cross and Overby, 1988). The source of these organisms is not clearly understood but in addition to contamination from the skin and intestines, equipments and tools during slaughter and selling of beef may be responsible for some contamination. To avoid further contamination, potable water should be used for rinsing carcasses and surfaces coming into contact with meat and offal. PRESERVATION OF BEEF According to Panda (1995) preservation or meat can be done by adopting several techniques among which are refrigeration, dehydration, curing, smoking, canning, irradiation, microwave heating and use of chemical additives including antibiotics. Refrigeration Refrigeration includes cold storage and frozen storage. In cold storage a temperature between 00C to 70C is employed and in frozen storage at between 150C to 170C (Panda, 1995). Controlled temperature assists in preventing quality loss and maintaining shelf life of the product. Proper air circulation in addition to maintenance of air temperature prevents mould growth and controlled air composition provides fresh air and avoids development of extraneous odour out of undesirable gases. Moisture control assists in preventing excessive dehydration of the product stored (Panda, 1986). Smoking Smoking helps in preserving beef by acting as an antioxidant, bactericidal agent and providing a protective covering on the surface. Smoking also imparts specific flavour to meat. Various types of wood used for generating smoke also impart different flavour to the finished product. However, the best type of wood which could be exploited for producing quality smoked beef is hard wood. Smoke also influences the colour of the smoked beef. Curing This is a process of preserving meat. It is done to preserve and maintain red colour of the meat and also to add flavour. This ingredients used include common salt, sodium nitrate or nitrite, sugar and spices (Beinempaka et al., 1990). Therefore selection of curing formulation is extremely important while using it, as long as large amounts of salt or spice will mask the flavour of meat. The functions of these curing agents are different. Salts assists in preservation of meat while influencing the flavour and texture. Sugar adds to the flavour while checking the drying and toughening effect and nitrate provide the desired pink colour to it (Panda, 1995). Chemical Additives Gill (1998) stated that fresh beef in intact carcass is not severely contaminated except for its surfaces and skinning. However, as it is minced for utilization in further processed products, the solution changes. As the beef gets exposed, added bacterial contamination from hands of operators and machineries used occurs (Borch and Arinder, 2002). According to Panda (1995) the use of additives in beef extends the life of the beef and has a little effect on the colour, flavour and texture. PACKAGING AND STORAGE If the beef is to be used for processing, then it is taken straight to the meat cutting and industries to be processed. If they are to be stored for use at a later stage, these are properly packed in suitable polythene bags and kept inside a deep freeze maintained at 15-180C. Panda (1995) reported that the packaging material used for packaging the beef should be colourless, transparent and of adequate strength to safeguard the dressed beef packed during handling and transportation. Also, the packaging material should not transfer any harmful substances to the packed material. The major objectives in using the packaging material is that it should provide optimum protection to the product packed inside it and to maintain wholesomeness for its anticipated shelf life, while preventing physical, microbial and insect damage with appropriate properties and capacity to preserve its nutritive value in an acceptable way and other quality factors, important in the marketing channel (Panda, 1995). Various types of primary and secondary containers as well as flexible material are being used for packing beef products. Primary container is one which is in direct contact with the food item. The secondary container is the outer box or wrap that holds the primary units of food such as jars, cans, tins flexible packages which have no direct contact with the food item. Some of the various types of packaging material used for beef packaging include tins, cans, glass, plastic films and laminates.

Force Measurment System Based On Strain Gauges Engineering Essay

Force Measurment System Based On Strain Gauges Engineering Essay In this part there will be a use of a strain gauge device which experiences a change of electric resistance when it is strained. Design, build and test a force sensor using strain gauges are provided, as well as development of the appropriate combination of strain gauges with other electrical components to obtain an electric voltage or current representing tensile, compressive or bending strain, together with means of displaying and/or recording its value, is a strain gauge system. Tasks Design and build a strain gauge based force sensor based on a cantilever design or otherwise. Build an appropriate VI that can be used to carry out all tests on the sensor. Experimentally evaluation of the output/force transfer functions of the sensor. Include linearity, hysteresis, sensitivity, accuracy and repeatability in the evaluation. Calculation the expected theoretical output values of the sensor and compression them with the experimental results obtained above. Investigate the effect of temperature on the accuracy of the sensor. Based on this investigation suggest a temperature compensation scheme to improve the performance of the sensor. Build an appropriate VI that takes the output of the sensor and display the result in appropriate units. Part I Explain how the AC Power (wattmeter) measurement is carried out at NPL. Draw a block diagram of the measurement system used. You should include the sources of uncertainties in your discussion. Volts, Amps, Watts, VARs and Power Factor are essential fundamental quantities which must be measured accurately in order to optimize the control and delivery of electric power. Definition of electrical power At a given moment, when a current i travels from generator G to receiver Rin the direction defined by the voltage v delivered by the generator (figure 1), the instantaneous power supplied to the receiver R is equal to product v.i. Figure Generator Receiver If the voltage and current are DC, the mean power V.I is equal to the instantaneous power V.I. If the voltage and current are sinusoidal AC, there is generally a phase shift à Ã¢â‚¬   between the voltage and the current (figure 2). The instantaneous values of voltage v and current (I) have the form: v = Vmax cos à Ã¢â‚¬ °t i = Imax cos (à Ã¢â‚¬ °t à Ã¢â‚¬  ) Where à Ã¢â‚¬ °, the pulse, is proportional to the frequency F (à Ã¢â‚¬ ° = 2à Ã¢â€š ¬F). Figure phase shift between the voltage and the current The instantaneous power has a value of: Vmax . Imax . cos à Ã¢â‚¬ ° . cos (à Ã¢â‚¬ °t à Ã¢â‚¬  ). You must take the average value of this product during a period to obtain the expression of the power provided by generator G to receiver R. This power is called the active power and is expressed by the formula: The wattmeter provide the expression of this product, either by causing a deviation of the pointer in the case of a device with an electrodynamics moving coil, or by supplying a DC current or a voltage proportional to the product in the case of electronic wattcmeters; this current or this voltage is then applied to an analogue or digital display. The existence of a phase shift à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ between the current and the voltage leads, for AC currents, to the introduction of 3 additional quantities: à ¢-   The apparent power S = Veff . Ieff, in VA (volt-amperes), defining the voltage Veff not to be exceeded (insulator breakdown, increase in core loss) and the intensity Ieff circulating in the receivers. à ¢-   The power factor: When the current and voltage are sinusoidal quantities: à ¢-   The reactive power Q = Veff . Ieff . sin à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢, in rva (reactive volt-amperes). The latter may be directly measured by a wattmeter if for voltage Vmax . cos à Ã¢â‚¬ °t we substitute a phase-shifted voltage of à Ã¢â€š ¬/2, i.e. Vmax x cos (à Ã¢â‚¬ °t à Ã¢â€š ¬/2). The mean product measured will be Vmax . Imax . cos (à Ã¢â‚¬ °t à Ã¢â€š ¬/2) x cos (à Ã¢â‚¬ °t à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢) which is expressed by: Vmax. Imax Q = cos (à Ã¢â€š ¬/2 à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢) = Veff . Ieff . à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ sin à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ 2 Knowing P and Q, we can calculate the apparent power and the power factor: Apparent power: S = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡P2+Q2 Power factor: PF = P/S = P/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡P2+Q2 Knowing the parameters defined above: active power, reactive power, apparent power, power factor, is fundamental in electrical engineering and enables accurate calculation of the characteristics of the equipment used: yield, load, cos à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢, utilization limits. The wattcmeters used for these measurements are classified in three major families: electrodynamics and electronic. Digital Sampling Watt Meter In NPL the digital sampling AC wattcmeters, which are used for calibration work, each require the generation of sample timing pulses suitably locked to the frequency of the AC which is to be measured. Repetitive waveforms representing the instantaneous test voltage and test current are digitised at equal intervals of time harmonically related to the period of the waveforms. A new NPL standard wattmeter calibrator incorporates improved sample timing generation. It uses a crystal digital oscillator to govern both the sample timing and the AC source frequency. This avoids reliance on timing interpolation uniformity within an input period; only digital frequency dividers are needed. Alternatively, commercial frequency synthesizers can be used, with a common master frequency, to give sampling and signal frequencies. Either alternative allows digital phase control, and reduces the use of special-purpose precision analogue electronics. AC power wattmeter and voltmeters: Figure AC Power Measurement by sampling Power measuring at NPL is based on a digital sampling technique. This works by using a pair of analogue to digital converter (ADC) to take instantaneous samples of the respective voltage and current waveforms involved in measuring by multiplying the specimen pairs, the instantaneous power can be established and by averaging instantaneous over a defined interval the average power of that interval can be arranged. Figure Sampling Wattmeter This technique relies on the execution of the ADC in terms of its exactness and its ability to take samples at well-defined instant in time. To meet these requirements NPL has developed an ADC system based on the fastest shape of ADC, known as a blaze converter. Unfortunately, these devices are of circumscribed resolution and to overcome this limitation they are included in configuration that uses a Digital to Analogue Converter (ADC). This organized whole makes employ the repetitive properties of the waveforms of attention where single round is extremely like to the following round. Figure Phantom Power The computer takes a conjecture at the signal level at a stated moment on the waveform. This digital guess is accurately converted to voltage using the DAC. The guess can then be compared to the incoming signal at the required dot in time and the mistake voltage is converted using the blaze converter and passed back to the computer. Because the waveforms are assumed to be repetitive the computer can improve its conjecture for the next round of the waveform using the mistake knowledge from the former round. In this manner the computers conjecture converges on digital reproduction of the input waveform. This reproduction can then be used for AC voltage, current measuring. Figure NPL ADC Schematic Two of these ADC systems are used for single-phase measuring. They are used in conjecture with transducers that change unlike levels of voltage and current to the working signal levels of the ADCs. In organization to present traceability all of these components require single calibration and characterisation. Uncertainty Contribution Any estimation of uncertainties must start by identifying all significant contributions. There may be several sources of error in a measurement where the magnitude of the error could be quantified. Where these can be identified, they should be corrected such that only the residual unknown component contributes to the uncertainty of the measurement. Using the importation of DC voltage from a higher level laboratory as an example, there will be the following uncertainty components: Calibration Uncertainty Transportation Stability with Time Stability with Temperature Noise Usually the measurement techniques used will ensure well defined conditions and minimize loading effects such that the main contributions listed above will be the only significant ones. Calibration Uncertainty Calibration uncertainty is a significant contribution and is usually reported on the certificate of calibration issued by another organization i.e. the national laboratory. Quite reasonably, the national laboratory is beyond the control of other commercial organizations and there is little that can be done by the customer to evaluate the uncertainty reported as a single  ± value on the certificate. For this reason the calibration uncertainty is usually treated as a type B contribution. The reported uncertainty may vary slightly for each calibration and will usually be at a 95% minimum confidence level. Part II Force measurement system based on strain gauges Introduction A small product based of strain gauge is designed in this part of the assignment, force measurement based on strain gauge. Two strain gauges connected properly on each side of a steel cantilever; these two strain gauges are a part of a resistance combination called Wheatstone bridge supplied by 5V. The output of this circuit connected to data acquisition card through an amplification circuit. A Low pass filter circuit provided. The circuit has been designed and calculated then built on a PCB supplied by power supply device. Moreover the circuit has been tested and practically operated using suitable weights (UK 1 penny to 10 pence); ten coins have been used. Data acquisition card used to pass the results to the computer. LabVIEW software was the tool used for monitoring the results. Strain gauge: As an external forces applied to an object, this will produce a stress and strain. That means the metal object will be compressed and the resistance of the metal will increase, while the resistance will decrease if the metal stretched. By using this feature of a specific metal; force measurement sensor bas been built. This called strain gauge. The design of a force measurement system was based on strain gauges because as the name implies they are used for measurement of strain. The strain gauge is attached to the object by a suitable adhesive, such as superglue as shown below: Strain gauge mounted on component under test Figure strain gauge glued on cantilever  [1]   Strain gauge operation: Generally electrical resistance (R) of a metal wire is proportional to the length (L) and inversely proportional to the area (A) as given by (where à Ã‚  is the resistivity). The change in resistance in a strain gauge of resistance R is nearly proportional to the applied strain. [ref9] Hence: K is constant known as the gauge factor which is the sensitivity to strain. Strain; . The gauges used in this report have K=210 ±0.02 Figure (2) shows loaded cantilever Beam SG 1 SG 2 L F X Figure stain gauge block diagram  [2]   The gauges are glued at a distance (L-X) from the load, a load of mass m and weight mg is suspended from the cantilever beam. The beam has thickness t and width w and is made from stainless steel with a young modulus. The calculated strain due to the suspended mass is. Therefore the relative change in the resistance of the strain gauge is given by: . Wheatstone Bridge The change of the resistance of the strain gauges is very small; so the strain gauges have to be connected in a Wheatstone bridge shown in figure (6). The gauge glued on top of the beam is in tension, the gauge glued underneath the beam is in compression, hence strain causes equal and opposite resistance changes in the gauges. By using two gauges the effects of temperature variations on the gauge resistance are cancelled. The bottom end of the bridge circuit is connected to the ground, the circuit is powered by the bridge excitation voltage VEX applied to the top side of the bridge. Figure Wheatstone bridge  [3]   If the strain increases the resistance of Gauge One from R to R + then the resistance of Gauge Two is decreased from R to R . Hence the voltage VG is given by: To balance the Wheatstone bridge the Zero Adjust resistor is adjusted to produce a voltage of VADJ . [ref11] Therefore the output voltage V0 of the Wheatstone bridge is given by: Substituting Then: Circuit design details: Figure Circuit design This circuit is designed and built by a team of three students; and its a number of stages as shown in the block diagram below: Two strain gauges connected on a Wheatstone bridge. Amplification circuit Low pass filter circuit (RC circuit). Data acquisition LabVIEW software based on Computer Strain Gauges Wheatstone bridge Amplification Circuit Filter (RC) D.AQ Computer Screen Figure circuit block diagram Stage one Pre-circuit has been designed and built; which is consists of two strain gauges of resistance of 120à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ of each glued on the cantilever. Wheatstone bridge provided with R1,R2 of 1k à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ of each and powered by 5v. The figure below show the circuit diagram of first stage. Figure First stage circuit connection The circuit above is a half bridge; while the output voltage will be as: and the object that are used to be measured by the strain gauge sensor is the UK pennies as shown in figure and the mass for it is 3.5 gram. Calculations bridge output voltage L = 140mm, x = 50mm w = 8mm t = 0.5mm E = 210Gpa G = 2 The maximum loading force that the Cantilever can handle is: Where is the Fatigue strength for steel? Since, Then, Kg m = 204 gram So the maximum mass that courses the max force is 204gram Since: G=2 Vs=5V So: Then: 0.219485 mV 0.43897 mV 0.658455 mV 0.87794 mV 1.097425 mV 1.31691 mV 1.536395 mV 1.75588 mV 1.975365 mV 2.19485 mV The following table shows the calculated values: Calculated values No of coins Mass (gram) 0 0 1 3.5 2 7 3 10.5 4 14 5 17.5 6 21 7 24.5 8 28 9 31.5 10 35 The figure shows the relation between the mass of the coins and the calculated output voltage of the bridge circuit. Chart 1. The relation between the mass and O/p voltages Second Stage: In this stage an amplification circuit is needed in order to increase the output voltage to a range of 0 10 v as an input to the data acquisition, INA126 OP AMP has been used with a gain resistance of around 80 ohms to get a 1000 amplification ratio, the following figure show the op amp circuit diagram: Figure Op amp circuit diagram According to the data sheet, and from the table shown above the gain of the circuit can be adjusted by varying the Gain Resistor RG. The gain 1000 needed could be done by using or adjusting the gain resistance RG to be 80.4 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ (variable resistor has been used). And the following calculations proves the value of the Gain Resistor RG Since; So; Third stage: Figure Low pass filter circuitAs show in circuit diagram, an RC filter with a components of C= 22uF and R = 10 k ohms. The calculation below shows that this filter values is above the maximum frequency of the expected values from the dc components and to guarantee to get rid of the voltage spikes. The frequency value is about 1 Hz. Measuring the Bridge output voltage As the circuit has been connected, start measuring the output of the Bridge circuit for each number of coins. Measurement values No of coins Mass (gram) 0 0 1 3.5 2 7 3 10.5 4 14 5 17.5 6 21 7 24.5 8 28 9 31.5 10 35 And the chart bellow shows the relation between the mass of the pennies and the measured output voltage of the bridge circuit. Chart 2. The relation between the mass and O/p voltages The chart above shows the relation between the mass of the coin with the output voltage values, it can be clearly seen that there is a non-linearity with the chart and this caused by the non accurate measures. The red line is the trend-line which used to simulate the real linearity for the chart. The following table shows the results of the output of the amplification circuit Measurement No of coins Mass (gram) Output of the Bridge in (mV) 0 0 0 1 3.5 0.20 2 7 0.41 3 10.5 0.62 4 14 0.83 5 17.5 1.12 6 21 1.42 7 24.5 1.57 8 28 1.78 9 31.5 1.93 10 35 2.21 Experimental procedures Procedures: Connecting and implementing the circuit as shown in the circuit connection Testing the circuit if its working Make sure of the output of the bridge is set to 0V. Put the coins (penny) on the beam and observe the output of the circuit, if the circuit it works, go to next step. The bellow picture shows the penny which has been used as the weights to be measured in the experiments. The weight of this penny is 3.5. That should be taken into account in the calculations. Figure UK Penny Data acquisition: Lab View has been used to simulate the operation of the circuit. Lab view is a measurement application which uses a variety of data acquisition hardware. The following Figure shows the block diagram consisting of the DAQ assistant and some numerical representation of the number of coins and weight in grams with the ability to adjust the offset. The bellow pictures showing how the practical work had been carried and what stage we did carry to finish this piece of work: Integrating all the circuits had been justified and connecting the output to the LabVIEW by the data acquisition. LabVIEW screen shots below show the real practical results of the circuit: Figure LabVIEW simulation Output values with no load on cantilever Figure output value with on load Screen shots for some values: When taken the results another test has been done by exchange the cantilever upside down and negative results found. And the following LabVIEW screen shot result show the output voltage with 10 coins on, with both negative and positive results: Figure output of 10 coins (negative and positive) Results and Analysis No of coins Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Test 5 Test 6 Test 7 Test 8 Test 9 Test 10 Mean (Average) Standard Deviation 1 0.20 0.24 0.23 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.20 0.228 0.02044 2 0.41 0.47 0.43 0.42 0.39 0.38 0.41 0.44 0.49 0.42 0.426 0.03373 3 0.62 0.71 0.69 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.65 0.64 0.63 0.61 0.644 0.03204 4 0.83 0.78 0.81 0.83 0.83 0.82 0.79 0.72 0.75 0.82 0.798 0.03795 5 1.12 1.21 1.18 1.19 1.09 1.05 1.17 1.16 1.15 1.11 1.143 0.04968 6 1.42 1.37 1.34 1.25 1.23 1.22 1.28 1.18 1.21 1.41 1.291 0.08749 7 1.57 1.81 1.79 1.71 1.64 1.62 1.67 1.66 1.61 1.56 1.664 0.08462 8 1.80 1.79 1.81 1.77 1.69 1.67 1.69 1.63 1.67 1.81 1.733 0.06929 9 1.93 1.99 2.01 2.05 1.99 1.99 1.89 1.93 1.97 1.92 1.967 0.04855 10 2.21 2.29 2.32 2.28 2.20 2.26 2.16 2.26 2.10 2.21 2.229 0.06624 Maximum Experimental Error The maximum experimental error in the expected value of Vo using the formula The error in our application was acceptable and its expected, many factors may affect the results especially temperature affect as the strain gauge based on resistance variation of the metal which affected by temperature. Self evaluation During working on this mini project I have learn a lot according to sensors application specially strain gauges application, and how we could make use of the sensors and how to design a circuit by choose the suitable components as well as improving the output results of the circuit. With the help from the tutor Dr Ahmed we succeed to design and built the circuit. The team which I was involved to do the work with was very good as very accomplish to finish the work as soon as possible. Working on teams has so many advantages as the work would be split to save the time. The designing and the building for the circuit didnt take much time, by the time we finished the design we started to take the measuring and the readings for the outputs. Working on new software like the LABVIEW was very challenge because its the first time for me to get use to this software and a very hard work has been taken to carry some tutorials and know how the software is work. As this software is very wide in use and has everything that the engineer can have the benefit from the use of such amazing software. Conclusion A mini project has been designed and built based on strain gauge trying to perform what it is regarded as basic function like measuring the weight. Stain gauges are quite simple in design. The circuit diagram of the design was designed in the MULTISIM electronic workbench software. All components were calculated to get suitable values as well as a typical calculation has been done for the results. The measurement values compared with the calculated values and a very small different was provided as this is expected and acceptable. Lapview tool was the best software to simulate the output of the circuit where the output can be clearly achieved as well as we could multiply, divide and/or add factors to the output results value.

With Reference to Collins A Terribly Strange Bed and Conan Doyles Essa

With Reference to Collins A Terribly Strange Bed and Conan Doyle's Speckled Band, Discuss How Both Authors Create Mystery and Tension. Although these short stories are fictional and were written in the mid 19th Century they are crime dramas containing stereotypical images of the villains of the time. These include social outcasts such as Dr Roylott and Monsieur Faulkner. Many writers use suspense in their stories in order to excite the reader more and to make them want to turn over to the next page. This is can be done by giving the reader some information, but not enough for him or he to be able to answer the mystery or riddle that they may be trying to solve. 'The Speckled Band' focuses on the Roylott family, of Stoke Moran in Surrey. The family includes twin sisters Julia and Helen Stoner, and their stepfather Dr Grimesby Roylott. The readers' first impression of Helen Stoner is that she is grieving over someone's death, due to her appearance. She is "dressed in black and heavily veiled". The reader is encouraged to feel sympathy for Helen Stoner and anxious to find out who has died and how, as she is clearly in mourning. The simile used to portray her fear and suggests she is weak and vulnerable, maybe even the next victim. "Restless frightened eyes, like those of some hunted animal", indicates to the reader how she is being "hunted" like some kind of prey. This assists in building the suspense, as the reader is unaware of the details of the death, it is still a mystery. Conan Doyle's use of nouns, when Helen is speaking, suggests how scared she is. "It is fear, Mr Holmes. It is terror", illustrates that either Helen Stoner is exaggerating the situation, or something terrible has happened to c... ...hen the story would be a complete failure because we would know he survives, yes there would be an adventure but it wouldn't grab the audiences attention and they wouldn't feel involved in the story. Therefore I think both authors go about creating mystery and ttension the best possible way because if they swapped round and Holmes was telling the story then the audience wouldn't want to get involved and the same with "a terribly Strange bed" Both authors create suspense in their own way that in my opinion are as effective as each other but I felt more eager to turn over the page in "The Speckled Band" Also the description of the setting is successful in creating the most suspense, as the use of darkness suggests something is going to happen. We don't find out a lot about the setting in "A Terribly Strange Bed" but it his little relevance to the story.

Free Essays on Terrorism: The Threat of Usamah Bin-Ladin :: September 11 Terrorism Essays

The Threat of Usamah Bin-Ladin This essay was written in 1999 when I was a student at the University of Kentucky. My college roommate and I often debated our opposing views on foreign affairs. My roommate, animatedly felt that ridding the world of nuclear weapons would gradually end all violence between states. Although idealistically I would have liked to agree, I had to contend that war would never end as long as religion was central to the beliefs of the soldiers fighting. Sheikh Usamah Bin-Muhammad Bin-Ladin personifies and embodies my argument . He has founded organizations and formed coalitions amongst known terrorist groups which "advocate the destruction of the United States" . Furthermore, Bin-Ladin desires that: The ruling to kill Americans and their allies--civilians and military--is a duty for every Muslim. We--with God's help--call on every Muslim to kill Americans . The justification that Bin-Ladin submits is that Allah "orders us to carry out the holy struggle 'jihad' to raise the word of Allah above the words of the unbelievers." Bin-Ladin believes that "...Americans impose themselves on everyone who believes in his religion and his rights." Furthermore, he warns of the consequence that America will face whereas "...every day the Americans delay their departure, for every day they delay, they will receive a new corpse from Muslim countries" . Bin-Ladin is a man whose religious beliefs, along with his financial resources, provide him with the power necessary to create wars and terrorist violence. If there were an absence of heavenly decree in his actions, perhaps he would have no power, for he would lack a justifiable motive. Hence, this demonstrates the impact of religion on violence. In this specific instance, the violence is portrayed as a justifiable mean towards reaching the end of furthering religious beliefs. As a viable threat to America, the United States government must find avenues of deterrence to terminate the current and future terrorist activities of Bin-Ladin. Moreover, prior towards discussing options of deterrence, the threat of Bin-Ladin will first be expanded upon. It only seems logical to state that when someone is fighting for a cause on behalf of his religious beliefs, he is a greater threat then someone who is not. It would seem that the individual who is defending his religious beliefs would be more willing to lay down his life for his cause, because he is operating in a domain of loss.

Utilizing Leadership and Communication in Management

Communication and effective leadership are widely considered to be the major challenges facing managers in the 20th century in their respective workplace. It is crucial in any management scenario for an effective leader to be a fluent, competent and expert communicator. In essence, this can be applied to all leadership scenarios whether it is organisational, recreational or even military based. If not utilised properly, the situation of a manager who is lacking key communication qualities can easily lead to the downfall of the organisation.It therefore gives credence to the idea that a successful organisation is one who utilises the methods of upright leadership and effective communication in their internal and external management. The process of communication is defined as â€Å"an interpersonal process of sending and receiving symbols with messages attached to them† (Schermerhorn 2011, p. 457). This in a practical sense is the ability to convey a person’s verbal or no n-verbal messages to achieve an understanding of what they require (Brown & Cliquet 2008).This can be in the form of verbal conversation stating tasks that a person is required to do or in the non-verbal form which is usually in the system of body language to emphasise certain verbal directions. In terms of a business organisation, the manager must be effective in their communication otherwise their directions will be lost to either the employee, stakeholders or even the customers (Schermerhorn, 2011). This would lead to the fact that manager’s passing of information is only successful when they are actively telling the employee in regards to a task that they have to undertake.This can be in the form of active listening sessions or improving the means of communication. This can be through improving communication techniques in technology or closing barriers which are hindering effective communication (Schermerhorn 2011 p. 460 – 467). This theory must be applied to many businesses and organisations around the world because without the necessary effective communication, information cannot be passed on therefore leading to a stagnation of possibly crucial material (Bratton et. l, 2007). Senior Professor at the University of Auckland Peter Boxall suggests that in regards to communication with human resources across transnational corporations that: â€Å"[Communication] is the attempt to build ‘constructive’ relationships with trade unions†¦broad ranging discussion are held with extensive information provided to the unions on a whole range of discussions. Emphasis is also placed on techniques designed to enhance individual employee commitment to the firm† (Boxall, 1995 p. 6-57). This quote suggests that to maintain a successful relationship between transnational trade unions, you must have apt communication from the executives to the workers otherwise the flow of material will become stagnant and the information will not be pas sed (Boxall, 1995). An example poor communication can be attributed to Michelle Smeby’s case study of a fortune 100 company named Holistic Change Ltd.They had neglected to tell the stakeholders of potential changes in the information technology section of the workplace which would vastly improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the workplace (Schermerhorn 2011), (Smeby 2011). Holistic Change Ltd. could have handled the situation better if they had planned the change; including informing the stakeholders so they could make a formative assessment on whether it would be beneficial to the company (Smeby 2011).It proved to be a hindrance to the company which led to a reduction to their share price. This was due to the shareholders not possessing a full access of all the information that the company was retaining leading to an uncertainty of future projections and profits (Smeby 2011). Many businesses fail to implement effective communication techniques due to the fact that the training initiatives and education could become very expensive and is usually regarded an unimportant part of the daily management of a company (Bratton, 2007).This does not just apply from the managers to the employees of an organisation, but it also applies with the organisations communication skills with the customer (Peterson, 2006 p. 36). It is stating that it is necessary in an organisation without proper communication with the customers, it will unable to either sell its goods or services. The ‘Business Source Complete’ journal article reflections are identical to the statements regarding the importance of effective communication with customer by suggesting that in the approach of seeking ew customers, the organisation has to undertake four key tactics. These include media relations, speaking opportunities, media partnerships and special events (Weber & Chadwick, 2004). Because the organisation is actively seeking out ways to express their company through methods of communication, it will most likely succeed in the objective of gaining new customers to improve revenue (Business Source Complete, 2004). This therefore gives credence to the fact that effective communication is necessary in the success of an organisation.In response to effective communication with to employees, it is crucial to apply with the effective and efficient communication skills which are stated by Schermerhorn as â€Å"the intended meaning of the source and the perceived meaning of the receiver are identical [which] occurs at minimum cost† (Schermerhorn 2011, p. 458). This therefore leads on to suggest that effective communication is derived from profound leadership due to the fact that if someone in a position of power can effectively delegate tasks they must be able to motivate, leading and be able to reduce the barriers of effective communication.Leadership is defined by Schermerhorn (2011) as the process of arousing enthusiasm and directing efforts towards o rganisational goals. Therefore, without proper communication skills, a manager will not be able to convey their instructions and therefore, makes the development of a leader stagnant. Claire Oldfield states her journal article that â€Å"[Leadership] unites people, develops opportunities and, crucially in these difficult times, ensures survival† (Oldfield C 2008, p. 69).This suggests that it is not only a way of future monetary successes, but a way to ensure that the organisation will survive during turbulent financial times (Oldfield 2008). Chadwick (2006) in ‘Leadership in Business Development’ states that â€Å"Successful business development leaders have a passion for their mission, and it generally shows in almost everything they do. By their positive attitude, intellectual quickness and exemplary work ethic, they inspire and lead the folks around them† (Chadwick 2006, p. 1) This shows that a leader must show some inspiration to the team in order for them to perform the tasks well.If the leader is able to communicate their vision in such a way that the employee’s will commit their resources into achieving an idealic solution for the manager, this will result in effective and efficient leadership (Schermerhorn 2011, p. 340). It also suggests that a leader must have the mental capacity to be able to inspire through motivation due to the fact that they are striving for the same result as the employee. Gage (2008) states in his journal article that the necessary leadership is one which strives on the use of reward and legitimate power (Gage 2008, p. ) (Schermerhorn 2011, p. 341). Schermerhorn (2011) defines reward power as â€Å"the capacity to offer something of value as a way of influencing them†. This is a practical sense is the ability to make an employee work to the managers standards by the use of offering an incentive (Schermerhorn 2011). This can be in the form of offering them an award or a salary bonus. Scher merhorn (2011) defines the use of legitimate power as the â€Å"capacity to influence other people by virtue of formal authority, or rights of office† (Schermerhorn 2011, p. 341).If the manager was able to exert his power by utilising these methods, there is no doubt that the workers of the organisation will work more effectively and efficiently because of the incentive which is offered for their services. There is evidence to suggest that leadership is helpful in any management scenario, but Peter Boxall states that â€Å"It takes strong executive leadership to bring about positive patterns of employment relations. In the end, it is the senior leadership of companies that should be responsible for the quality of employment relations† (Boxall 1995 p. 303).This quote by management professor Peter Boxall gives credence to the fact that it is necessary that without proper leadership, there will be no guidance for the rest of the team concluding to an inability to perform the tasks which are needed (Boxall 1995, p. 303). This will only hinder the process of management and can possibly lead to the termination of the organisation (Schermerhorn, 2011). In conclusion, communication and effective leadership considered to be the major challenges facing managers in the 20thcentury. It is crucial in any management scenario for an effective leader to be a fluent, competent and expert communicator.In essence, this can be applied to all leadership scenarios, but if not utilised properly can easily lead to the downfall of the organisation. A manager needs to also be a motivator through their leadership and communication skills because this is proven to the most effective way of getting the most efficient results from the employees. It therefore gives credence to the idea that a successful organisation is one who utilises the ideas of leadership and communication in their internal and external management effectively. Reference ListBoxall, P 1997, ‘The Chall enge of Human Resource Management’, Longman Paul Ltd. , Auckland, NZ Bratton, J & Gold, J 2007, ‘Human Resource Management Theory and Practice’, Palgrave Macmillanm New York, NY Brown, R & Cliquet F 2008, ‘Communication of Business Process Models’, BP Trends, Vol. 10, No. 9, accessed 3 October 2011, Business Source Complete Chadwick, S 2006, ‘Leadership in Business Development’, Printing Impressions, Vol. 49, No. 5, p. 114-115, accessed 3 October 2011, Business Source Complete Oldfield, C 2008, ‘Leadership’, Director. co. uk, Vol. 62, No. 4, p. 9, accessed 3 October 2011, Business Source Complete Peterson, K 2004, ‘Effective Communication promotes Business’, Kitchen and Bath Design News, Vol. 16, No. 12, accessed 3 October, Business Source Complete Ritchie, M 2008, ‘Leadership for Business’, Manitoba Business, Vol. 30, No. 1, p. 5, accessed 3 October 2011, Business Source Complete Schermerhorn et. a l 2011, ‘Management’, John Wiley & Sons, Milton, QLD Weber & Chadwick Hong Kong 2004, ‘Product & Promotion – Marketing Communications: Business’, Media, Vol. 62, No. 21, accessed 3 October, Business Source Complete