Rabindranath Tagore Story & Poem Essay Example for Free

Rabindranath Tagore Story Poem EssayA Nandalal Bose illustration for The Hero, part of the 1913 Macmillan release of The Crescent MoonThe Sadhana period, 18911895, was among Tagores most fecund, gentle more than half the stories contained in the three-volume Galpaguchchha, itself a group of eighty-four stories. 18 They reflect upon Tagores surroundings, on modern and fashionable ideas, and on mind puzzles. Tagore associated his earliest stories, such as those of the Sadhana period, with an exuberance of vitality and spontaneity these traits were cultivated by zamindar Tagores life in villages such as Patisar, Shajadpur, and Shilaida. Seeing the common and the poor, he examined their lives with a reason and feeling singular in Indian literature up to that point. 79 In The Fruitseller from Kabul, Tagore speaks in first person as a town-dweller and novelist who chances upon the Afghani seller. He convey the longing of those trapped in mundane, hardscrabble Indian urban life, giv ing play to dreams of a different existence in the distant and wild mountains in that location were autumn mornings, the time of year when kings of old went forth to conquest and I, never stirring from my little corner in Calcutta, would let my mind wander all over the whole world.At the very name of an early(a) country, my heart would go out to it I would fall to weaving a network of dreams the mountains, the glens, the forest . . 80 umteen of the other Galpaguchchha stories were written in Tagores Sabuj Patra period (19141917 also named for one of Tagores magazines). 18 A 1913 illustration by Asit Kumar Haldar for The Beginning, a prose-poem in The Crescent MoonTagores Golpoguchchho (Bunch of Stories) remains among Bengali literatures most popular fictional works, providing subject matter for many successful films and theatrical plays.Satyajit Rays film Charulata was based upon Tagores controversial novella, Nastanirh (The Broken Nest). In Atithi (also made into a film), the y oung Brahmin boy Tarapada shares a boat ride with a village zamindar. The boy reveals that he has run away from home, only to wander about ever since. Taking pity, the zamindar adopts him and ultimately arranges his marriage to the zamindars own daughter. However, the night before the wedding, Tarapada runs offagain.Strir Patra (The Letter from the Wife) is among Bengali literatures earliest depictions of the bold emancipation of women. The heroine Mrinal, the wife of a typical patriarchical Bengali middle class man, writes a letter while she is travelling (which constitutes the whole story). It details the pettiness of her life and struggles she finally declares that she will not return to her husbands home with the statement Amio bachbo. Ei bachlum And I shall live. Here, I live.Haimanti assails Hindu marriage and the dismal lifelessness of married Bengali women, hypocrisies plaguing the Indian middle classes, and how Haimanti, a raw young woman, mustdue to her sensitiveness and free spiritsacrifice her life. In the last passage, Tagore directly attacks the Hindu custom of glorifying Sitas attempted self-immolation as a means of appeasing her husband Ramas doubts. Musalmani Didi examines Hindu-Muslim tensions and, in many ways, embodies the essence of Tagores humanism.Darpaharan exhibits Tagores self-consciousness, describing a fey young man harboring literary ambitions. Though he loves his wife, he wishes to croak her own literary career, deeming it unfeminine. Tagore himself, in his youth, seems to have harbored similar ideas about women. Darpaharan depicts the final humbling of the man as he acknowledges his wifes talents. As do many other Tagore stories, Jibito o Mrito equips Bengalis with a ubiquitous epigram Kadombini moriya proman korilo she more naiKadombini died, thereby proving that she hadnt.

Parasitology (Helminthology) Essay Example for Free

Parasitology (Helminthology) EssayLoa loa is a filarial para lay transmitted by tabanid female flies of the genus Chrysops (C silacea and C dimidiate). The incidence of infection within endemic region of the central and west African rain forest is senior utmost school with 20-40% of the population being microfilaraemic , and about double as many habouring cock-a-hoop worms without showing patent microfilaraemia (Dupont et al.,2007). The adult worms actively emigrate through subcutaneous tissues at rates of up to 1cm/ min. Female Loa loa peaks 50- 70mm in length and 0. 5mm in diameter, while the males measures 30 -35mm in length and 0.4mm in diameter. The microfilariae forms, measures 290-300m by 6-8m in size. During infection the microfilariae forms atomic number 18 released into the blood stream, where they run short numerous between 10a m and 2pm(diurnal periodicity).Moreso, the presence of the sheath and three or more terminal nuclei distinguish the microfilariae of L. l oa from other blood borne microfilariae. ( Strickland, 2000) Transmission is by twenty-four hours biting female tabanid flies, which pick up the microfilaria of L loa during blood meals . The injested microfilariae lose their sheath , penetrate the intestine wall of the tabanid female fly, and migrate to the cellular phones of the fat carcass , where they molt twice . The infective filariform larvae (L3) excogitate in 10 to 12 days and moves to the proboscis. When new legion is biting by the female tabanid fly, the infective filariform larvae are injected and break away into adult worms over the course of 6- 12months .( John and Wayne, 2005) L loa infection ( Loiasis) is quite broad , ranging from asymptomatic infection to life threatening complication, which includes meningoencephalitis ,renal failure and endomyocardial fibrosis. thusly , L loa infection often induces a mild to moderate pathology with patients presenting with pruritis, localized angioedema (Calabar swelling), arthralgia or ocular problems caused by conjunctival migration of adult worms. Also, fibrotic or inflammatory reactions or so adult worm may cause hydrocele or intestinal blockage. (Strickland, 2000) The level of microfilariaemia is a critical parameter in the transmission of disease(Piessens and Partono ,2007). Immunity may be seen as a control measure of microfilariaemia, killing of adult worm or a resistance to infection that operates against the infective L3 stage. However, studies of the host immune repartee mechanisms implicated in the control of microfilaraemia , in the amicrofilaraemic ( Mf- ) singular commence shown evidence of antibody- dependent cell cytotoxicity, not only for Loa loa infection, save also for other filariasis.Thus, the travel anti- sheath antibodies is present in sera of amicrofilaraemic (Mf- ) Loa loa septic individual and absent in heavily infected (Mf+)microfilaraemic individual ( Pinder et al ., 1990) Many studies on molecular biology, concern ing cellular immune solvents induced by filariae infections and their implication in protection and control of microfilaraemia have been carried out. Although , no studies have been published on the cellular response of Loa loa , but a greater cellular reactivity have been describe in non endemic individual,who are amicrofilaraemic(Mf) , in comparison with endemic individual who are microfilaraemic (Mf+) infected with Loa loa(ref).Thus , the T -cell cellular response plays an important eccentric in mediating immunity and study manipulation for antibody dependent cellular cytotoxic mechanisms in destroying parasites. (Couissinier and Dessein, 1995) The purpose of this term paper aims at looking at the role of pathology , mediated by cellular immune response in an Loa loa infected individuals.Source (www.cdc.gov) visualise 02/19/2011 Figure 1. Diagrammatic LIFE CYCLE OF Loa loaDuring a blood meal, an infected fly (genus Chrysops, day-biting flies) introduces third-stage filari al larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound. The larvae develop into adults that normally reside in subcutaneous tissue. The female worms measure 50 to 70 mm in length and 0.5 mm in diameter, while the males measure 30 to 35 mm in length and 0.4 mm in diameter. Adults produce microfilariae measuring 250 to 300 m by 6 to 8 m, which are sheathed and have diurnal periodicity.Microfilariae are normally recovered from spinal fluids, urine, and sputum. During the day they are assemble in peripheral blood, but during the non- circulation phase, they are imbed in the lungs. The tabanid fly ingests microfilariae during a blood meal. After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and migrate from the flys midgut through the hemocoel to the thoracic muscles of the arthropod. There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae (L1) and subsequently into third-stage infective larvae (L3). The third-stage infective larvae migrate to the fly pr oboscis and can infect another human when the fly takes a blood meal.PATHOLOGY of Loa loa Clinical manifestations are variable and are more important in visitors to an endemic region than in indigenous people. Severity ranges from a mild nuisance as the occasional worm passes beneath the conjunctiva of the eye to pregnant CNS invasion and coma in people with a high microfilaremia. (Strickland, 2000) The most common and characteristic findings in loiasis are Calabar swellings, which are focal regions of angioedema, usually located in the extremities. These erythematous swellings occur suddenly, range in size from 5 to 15 cm, and resolve gradually over hours to days. The cause is unknown, but they may represent an immune response to antigenic material at a region where the worm has migrated. Calabar swellings generally occur at only whiz site at a time and may recur sporadically for years, even after a person has left an endemic region.Interestingly, they are more common in visitor s to an endemic region than in the local inhabitants. Fatigue and arthralgias also are not uncommon. ( Strickland ,2000) Subconjunctival migration of the adult worm, which is the eye worm, is generally accompanied by flying swelling of the eye lid and intense conjunctivitis. Although most episode resolve spontaneously and completely, however rare cases of retinal artery occlusion and macular retinopathy due to deviant migration of the adult worm have reported (Ralph and Eagle(Jr), 2010). The most serious complication of Loa loa infection is meningoencephalitis, which is associated with the central nervous system CNS and occurs predominantly in patients with high numbers of circulating microfilariae. The severity of CNS involvement ranges from mild headache, meningismus coma and death. More so, the microfilariae are found in the cerebrospinal fluid, and in fatal cases, degenerating microfilariae top to necrotic granulomas in the brain. ( Oyerinde , 1999)Another serious complication associated Loa loa infection, is membranous glomerulonephritis. It occurs in patients with hematuria and proteinuria, which may be due to immune complex. Also, Loiasis may be one cause of tropical pulmonary eosinophilia. Lymphadenopathy and lymphadenitis are also features of loiasis , but are less prevalent than in other filarial infection. Thus , when Loa loa microfilariae are found within lymph nodes , they may be intravascular or within adjacent microabscesses, they also wander throughout the body and have been reported seen in sleep , lung , gut and CNS.(Oyerinde , 1999) Loiasis have also been implicated in the etiology of some cases of endomyocardial fibrosis in equatorial Africa based on the higher prevalence of endomyocardial fibrosis in Loa endemic areas than in other regions in Africa and higher level of antibodies detected in some individuals and also higher levels of antifilarial antibodies is reported to have been detected in some individual with endomyocardial fibrosi s. (Oyerinde, 1999)(Source. Marty and Anderson, 1995) Figure 2. Adult nematodes migrating beneath the conjunctiva of the human eye. .IMMUNE RESPONSE AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF Loa loa Immunity may be seen as control of microfilaraemia, killing of adult worm or a resistance to infection that operates against the infective L3 stage. Like the other microfilarial nematode , Loa loa is able to survive in it host by modulating the host immune response .However, studies of the host immune mechanism implicated in the control of microfilaraemia in the amicrofilaraemic individuals have shown evidence of antibody -dependent cellular cytotoxicity in Loa loa infection.( Baize et al.,1997 ). Circulating anti sheath antibodies have been reported to be present in the sera of amicrofilaraemic (Mf-) individual and absent in the sera of microfilaraemic positive individual (Mf+).This antibodies are effective in mediating complement-dependent leukocyte in adherence to micofilariae.( Baize et al., 1997) Ma ny studies on molecular biology, concerning cellular immune responses induced by filariae infections and their implication in protection and control of microfilaraemia have been carried out. Although , no studies have been published on the cellular response of Loa loa , but a greater cellular reactivity have been reported in non endemic individual,who are amicrofilaraemic(Mf-) , in comparison with endemic individual who are microfilaraemic (Mf+) infected with Loa loa. Thus , the T -cell cellular response plays an important role in mediating immunity and major role for antibody dependent cellular cytotoxic mechanisms in destroying parasites.( Maizels et al,2008).Recently, attention is been paid to the involvement of T helper (Th) subset in antifilarial response. The T cell response plays an important role in mediating immunity and a major role for antibody dependent cellular cytotoxic mechanisms in damaging parasites. Moreover , many studies have compared the proliferation and cyto kine profile of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from microfilaraemic (MF+)individual and amicrofilaraemic individual(Mf -) infected with Loa loa in response to antigens of several parasitic stage. Thus , a stronger lymphoproliferative response and consistent levels of both Th1 ( IL-2 interleukin- 2,IFN- interferon gamma) and Th2 (IL -4,IL-5) type cytokine are reported to be observed in response to adult worm and microfilariae antigen in amicrofilaraemic (Mf-) patient, while the microfilariae positive(Mf+) patient is characterized by unresponsiveness of T cell to proliferation and production of cytokine .( Baize et al., 1997)The unresponsiveness of T cell in microfilariae positive individual (Mf+) is reportedly associated with the IL-10 cytokines ,which down regulate the function of both the Th-1 and Th-2 cells by inhibiting the proliferation and production of IFN- , IL-4 and IL-5. Moreover, a significant high production of IL-10 by amicrofilaraemic (Mf-) individual, compa red with microfilariae positive (MF+) individual and similar expression of IL-10 mRNA support the guess that IL-10 alone is not responsible for the unresponsiveness of the T cell in Mf+.( Karita et al.,2010) Furthermore ,the adult female worm and the infective larva L3 elicit Th2 responses , with high IL 4 production and appearance of IgG1 and IgE antibodies ,whereas exposure only to microfilariae elicits Th1 responses , characterized by high initial IFN- production and IgGa antibody. However, chronic exposure to microfilariae can lead to Th2 responsesCONCLUSION.The pathology of filariasis is immune- mediated, in which the host immune response plays a major role in protecting and controlling infection in individuals. Although , study carried out on the cellular immune response, concerning the proliferation and production T cellular response in both amicrofilaraemic (Mf-) and microfilariae ( Mf+) individual , is indicative of Th1 and Th2 cytokines response to adult worm and microfil ariae antigen in amicrofilariae (Mf-) , and unresponsive in microfilariae (Mf+)(ref).However, T cell unresponsiveness in Mf+ patients associated with the IL-10 down regulation of the Th-1 and Th-2 cytokines is not a conclusive evidence of T cell unresponsiveness to microfilariae positive (Mf+) patient.REFERENCESBaize ,S, Wahl, G, Soboslay,PT, Egwang,TG, and Georges,AJ, (1997). T helper responsiveness in human Loa loa infection defective specific proliferation and cytokine production by CD4+ T cells fron micofilaraemic subjects compared with amicrofilaraemics. Clin Exp Immunol 108272-278 .Couissinier Paris ,P, and Dessein ,AJ, (1995). Schistosomal specific helper T cell clones from subjects resistant to infection by Schistosoma mansoni are Th0/2. European Journal Immunology 252295-302Dupont , A, Zue-Ndong , J, and Pinder, M, (2007). Common occurrence of amicrofilaraemic Loaloa filariasis within the endemicregion. Trans R soc Trop. Med Hyg, 82730 John, MG, and Wayne, M, (2005). Filar ial infections , pp 6. Parasitic Infections of the Skin, sixth (ed) John Wiley and Sons, New YorkKarita ,H, Taru ,M, and Sakari ,JT, (2010). Loa loa Microfilariae Evade Complement Attack In Vivo by Acquiring Regulatory Proteins from Host Plasma, pp 3886. In Infection and Immunity , volume 77, the States Society of Microbiology.Maizels , RM, Bundy ,DAP, Selkirk, ME, Smith, DF, Anderson ,RM,( 2008). Immunologicalmodulation and evasion by helminthes parasites in human populations. Nature 365 797-805.Oyerinde, JPO, (1999). The filarial worm,pp 256-257. Essential of Tropical Medical Parasitology , 1st (ed) University of Lagos Press.Piessens ,WF, and Partono , F, (2007). Host-vector parasite relationships in human filariasis. Semin Infect Dis 3131-5Pinder , M, Dupont, A, Egwang ,TG, (1990) . Identification of a surface on Loaloa microfilariae the recognition of which correlates with the amicrofilaremic state in man .Journal Immunology 1412480-6Ralph , C, and Eagle(Jr), MD, (2010). Ocular Pathology Review . Director, Department Of Pathology,Wills ticker HospitalStrickland, GT, (2000). Filarial Infection , pp 754-755. Hunters Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Diseases, 8th (ed).

Comparing responsible leadership with transactional leadership

Comparing creditworthy leadership with transactional leadersThe main purpose of this paper is to comp atomic number 18 and contrast the dimensions of trusty leaders with transactional leadership. Therefore, this paper will start off with giving the definition on both of the leadership hyphens. Then, it will be followed by analysing the six dimensions of trustworthy leadership which will be use to compare and contrast with transactional leadership. The dimensions comprise of the roles the leader fulfils, the relationship between the leader and follower, the values that derived from the relationships, the ethical perspective, the responsibilities while do decisions and finally, the sustainability. commentary OF RESPONSIBLE LEADERSHIP AND TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIPResponsible leadership has been defined as the art of building and sustaining morally sound relationship with all relevant stakeholders of an disposal (Maak Pless 2006, p.5). Transactional leadership is described as lead ers and pursuit being in an ex remove relationship (Dubrin, Dalglish Miller 2006, p. 105).COMPARING AND CONTRASTING THE TWO LEADERSHIP STYLESThe start dimension to be compare and contrast is the role of responsible for(p) leadership. According to Maak and Pless (2006), the roles of responsible leadership are being a servant, steward, citizen, visionary, story-teller and meaning enabler, coach, architect and change agent. All these eight roles are supposed to act interdependently with each other as a whole. Moreover, according to Dachler (cited in Maak and Pless 2006, p. 107), all these roles are relational, that is, they concern particularised responsibilities or activities vis-a-vis relational processes in the construction of organisational realities. A responsible leader fulfils being accountable for every oneness within their surroundings to bring on a positivist social interaction between both inside and away the organisation. On the other hand, a transactional leader ro le is just to armed service the subordinates by elucidative them the role and task requirements to attain designated outcome and what they will receive in return.A nonher dimension is the relationship between a leader and the followers. In the background of responsible leadership, followers mean the stakeholders, whereas transactional leadership means just the subordinates. Responsible leadership is more suited with the twenty first century, this is due to todays ways of task interaction the networking structures. Leaders and the stakeholders are of equal status where the stakeholders do not need to depend on the leader fully and corroborate ultimate occasion or authority to achieve stated vision. Maak and Pless (2006, p. 104) wrote that leadership legitimacy does not come with position, status, reward or power. As for transactional leadership, it is more into hierarchical order, where the leader is seen as on the top and in charge of everything. And as for the subordinates, th ey need to follow what the leader says. Status and power plays its role. As stated in Hood (2003, p. 267) transactional leadership is based on bureaucratic authority and legitimate power in the organisation.Relationships lead to another dimension for being a responsible leader that is in terms of its values. Some of the values are made up of honesty, sanction and friendliness. Responsible leaders need to communicate effectively with their stakeholders as to respect and clear positive friendly environment with each other. The leader needs to ensure that everyone are treated fairly and equal where their needs and interests are taken into account. cosmos an honest leader build the culture of trust that proves to motivate and inspire others by Caldwell and Dixon (2009), and as by doing so may create a coherent lasting intimate relationship (loyalty) which is relatively important for making upcoming deals (ingredients of integrity). Pless (2007, p. 450) state that responsible leader ship manifest itself in defining moments, in which leaders have to make fundamental decisions with long-term effect on people, environment and/or the future of the organization. As for delegating responsibilities, it is connected in the form of empowerment as it yields high trust, productive communication between individuals and teams (Remmel 2004).As for the values of transactional leadership, the relationship of friendliness build is unaccompanied for short-term period as when the finis is achieve successfully then the transaction is complete, which neglects the importance of people in creating long-term wealth. Cameron (2003) and Senge (2006) cited in Caldwell and Dixon (2010, p. 97). Therefore, the trust given by the leader to the subordinates are only in the duration of the task is suppose to be completed, where in term of empowerment, it is lacking but do exist. The leader must make sure the followers are aware and being clarified of their tasks to be carried out efficiently with awards attached to it which can be said as the driven motivator. As prove by Houghton and Yoho (1005, p. 76) theorists have suggested that the directive and transactional styles will result in low levels of empowerment among followers.The fourth dimension of responsible leadership is ethics. Ethics can be defined as code of moral principles and values that governs the behaviours of a person or group with respect to proper(ip) or wrong (Samson Daft 2009, p. 174). By looking at the definition, it can be said that morality is considered to be a significant quality to have as a leader. Moreover, there are two out of four values based founded by Rokeachs (1973) cited in Hood (2003) that are significantly related to ethical practises, that are social and morality-based values. cordial values include such items as freedom and equality, and morality-based values include politeness, helpfulness, affection, and forgiveness.Responsible leaders, their ethics lies on both since as stat ed before, socially, the stakeholders do not need to depend on the leader, they are free and of equal status as the leader. In term of morality, making an ethical judgement considering the situation and causality of the stakeholders is regarded as a norm for a responsible leader because it is their ethical desires to serve others. As Pless (2007, p. 438) states, responsible leadership research examines the leadership dynamics in the context of stakeholder society and includes the ethical perspective. They are responsible to heed for the stakeholders needs and interest (Pless 2007). As for transactional leaders, their ethics basically just lie on the morality-based values. This is because, the subordinates have no freedom and dedicated to what the leader wishes, and also basically they do their job respectively in order to attain stated goal with the help of the leader.The fifth dimension of responsible leadership is responsibilities. A responsibility here means the ethics of what t he leader does (Maak Pless 2006, p. 35). This part relates to the previous dimension where it can be said that ethics played a major part in being a responsible leader the heart. Leader is responsible for decision-making. The case of making a tough decision is a common thing that a leader would have gone through. The responsibility is related to ones ethics of making the right or wrong decision. One has to take a look at different scopes before deriving a verdict. Hence, the issue of trust should also be bear in mind while making decision. As the relationship of trust is build between leader and followers, then as a leader, one is responsible to behave and make decision ethically. This applies to both types of leadership and they need to act morally and be responsibly. The main difference is only to who does the leader is held responsible while making an ethical decision. As a responsible leader, they have a bigger scope whom to deal with that is the stakeholders. As for transactio nal leaders, the followers only incorporate of the subordinates in the organisation.The final dimension of responsible leadership is sustainability. The sustainability issue can be in the form of having sustainable relationships and also the future. As stated in Maak (2007, p. 329) it takes responsible leadership and responsible leaders to build and sustain a business that is of benefit to multiple stakeholders. To have sustainable relationships, as a responsible leader, it requires them to include the stakeholders before claiming conclusions to ensure ethically sound decision making. Maak (2007, p. 331) states key to responsible leadership is thus the ability to enable and broker sustainable, mutual respectable relationships with stakeholders, to create stakeholder goodwill and trust and ultimately a trusted business in society. As to reach sustainable future, responsible leaders should have a shared business vision to be reached together with the stakeholders. Maak (2007, p. 334 ) writes in a stakeholder society an agreeable vision would need to include the aspiration to be (come) and inclusive, responsible, and expeditious business in society. In contrast, sustainable relationships cannot be reached in transactional leadership since to reach beneficial relationships it involves number of stakeholders. Furthermore, the vision that is practiced in transactional leadership style is only to reach the stated goal which is clearly not sustainable as it is not forward looking to the future.CONCLUSIONIn conclusion, the six dimensions of responsible leadership that is being used to compare with transactional leadership are the roles, relationships, values, ethics, responsibilities and sustianability. As for the roles, there are eight interdependent roles of responsible leaders, and for transactional leaders, they only need to explicate the tasks to their subordinates with rewards attached to it. Secondly, relationships between leader and followers are being consi dered. The followers in responsible leadership are the stakeholders which consist of both inside and outside the organisation. Whereas for the transactional style, the followers are only within the organisation that is the subordinates. Thirdly, the values of honesty, empowerment and friendliness have been touched. Honesty between the leader and the follower build a culture of trust, however the period of trustiness between those two leadership styles differ. That is, responsible leadership will last longer than the transactional leadership style because responsible leaders are thinking ahead of time for making future deals. And as for empowerment, responsible leadership results higher than transactional leadership style. Fourthly are the ethical perspective in terms of social and morality-values. Responsible leaders ethics is derived from both but transactional only from the morality-values. Fifthly, it is the responsibilities of decision making where the responsible leaders have t o take into account of a wider range of people rather than the transactional leaders while making any judgement. And finally, the sustainable issue of having a sustainable relationships and future which turns out only achievable in a responsible leadership style and not transactional leadership.

Development Of A Digital Diary Project

Development Of A digital Diary ProjectMaintaining learning closely the mortal has been troublesome business for mankind lately as he was being introduced to hundred of new persons in his day to day life. Compiling information about the students in a school and college cleverness be really a rarely willing job. Our project aims to those jobs for maintaining information of the people so we named it as a Digital Diary project.As soon as the course of study is being executed user just need to fol let loose the instruction and have the information entered to the parcel then software manage the information being entered and save them for the future compose of the user. Though lots of information management software is without delay available in market, this is the initial step and would be updated in the days to come.IntroductionComputer is an advanced/modern electronic device, which takes raw data as input then processes these data as per given instruction then gives output (resul t) and store in for the future references. It is also a problem-solving machine, which can processes both(prenominal) numerical and non numerical information. It is a totally user dependent device. It has no its own brain. So it cannot think its own.C is the general purpose, structured programming wrangle of computer consisting of terms that resemble algebraic expressions. Designed as other high level structured programming languages such as Pascal and Fortran, C has got additional features that allows it to be use at a lower level computer languages. This flexibility let the C be featured as organisation programmer or applications programmer.C is characterized by the ability to write very concise source programs which are virus thaw in nature so the programmed designed in C language has got purity and perfection. Though with the help of small instruction and extensive library functions enhance the basic instruction and win its user to write additional library function on thei r own.Such A programming language code has been adapted for the effectual running of our program, Digital Diary. Digital Diary aims for the storage of the personnel details. This Diary helps as the remainder of person name his/her home hook, phone number, email address etc. large number gives propriety to looks now a days so a bit of graphics has been added to the content rather than making old fashioned black n white look. Every single sweat has been done to add aura to the program and to attract lots of users as possible. As been discussed this program is being ground in C laboratory or C program so it doesnt consist of any viruses that may effect the computer but is 100% free from those harming worms and bugs. With the help of this program people can save all his/her friends group and contact for the future references.Objectives and ScopesThe few objectives of this program are listed as followsMain objectives of this program is to aid users from memorizing all those names of owns contact address. Users can easily add the contact detail in the program so have increase efficacy in the user working procedure.To minimize the work loads of office personnel in school, colleges and offices by letting them get rid of the problem of memorizing the haemorrhoid name of students or coustomers.To convey message to software wear outing companies about the potential of software developers in Nepal.As Loads of software are put currently for managing the database system but those software are bulky and occupies large amount of storage disk size and are tedious and need teach man power for effective use but the Digital Dairy designed by us is very much simple and cost low disk space and unskilled man power with nominal knowledge of English can accomplish thorough the program. So the office needing customized type software can easily have these software installed for their management.MethodologyPreliminarily we have done survey through out the Kathmandu valley to kno w about the colleges and schools who might required our software being installed and found lots of colleges having their own MS Access designed management software and for the database management. But some school just about remote areas till this date have been using the old fashioned database management so we aim our project to those remote schools and have planned to develop this software.Then we started making basic workflow plan for effective completion of the project. We made the system analysis and designed basic framework to aid in our work. We then started the job of coding of the program for overall management of database of persons which include name of the person, address of the person, his/her email id and telephone number, roll no or reference number. Options like searching the required database by strings were made into effect in the program for easy location of the database of the person. Option like adding and deleting study along with modification option were pres ent in the program for effective availability.Though the coding was done, there were lots of errors in the program, so for the tracking of the bugs in the program debugging were done and then tested for multiple times till the desired output is obtained. When testing and debugging were done the program was finally ready to be used or being distributed.Task to be completedDurationSystem Analysis2 daysDesigning1 weekCoding1 weekTesting and Debugging3 daysExpected OutputAs for the title suggest, this Digital Diary supports for the proper maintaining of the database. It helps the user to have full record of the people he has been with along with their contact address, phone numbers, email id and reference number. This program also helps in inbuilt search for the required data base. The pass judgment output here is being discussed along with some screenshots of the program.Initially after the program is being executed it shows the name of the institution using it along with the address of the institution. Below the Name of the institution it publishes the name of the publishers followed by list of software developers.When we enter any key the rogue would be executed to the second page where option are being given using switch system. Option for add remove, modify, search, list are being executed here.The database management page would step up as follows. Here name, roll no, Faculty, telephone number, address email id would be printed. Through which we have to pass the value. Every time after adding contact the validation dialogue will be appeared asking for continuing or else.ConclusionThis project is based upon C programming so we had add our best effort to implement all the knowledge we have gained so far in C programming. Working on this project had enhanced our knowledge and skills in C and will surely help us in future. Thus, we hope Digital Diary be a great success.

Customer Relationship Management System In Mauritian Bank Marketing Essay

Customer Relationship Management System In Mauritanian Bank Marketing Essay20 years nates Mauritius was a struggling to make its place in the Indian Ocean and to become recognized for its well established economy. At that time, non every radical condescension had the capital required to start and expand. This is where edges played an important role in our economy.At the then time, Banks did not fork out a proper online musical arrangement with their branches. Customers needed rendez-vous with Bank Managers before meeting with them. It was a glamorous time for swearers. Customers remained loyal to the buzzword.With the evolution in engineering and with Bank of Mauritius imposing on Mauritian banks to be Y2K compliant, bank moved towards the implementation of a proper Core Banking trunk to serve their nodes. And with the introduction of ATMs and online banking, nodes visit less and lesser their bank branch. The self-colored concept of banking has shifted. Customers now pre fer delivery channels instead of branch base banking. This perfect Banker Customer relationship slowly disappe bed as the nation grew, the customer started to work with different banks at the same time as the competitors kept on increasing.As per latest figures of Central Statistics Office there are curtly 21 financial banks in operation with a population of approximately 1.2 million out of which only 45 %( 548,300) are in the operative sieveWe need to contain in mind, though a bank needs clients deposit to work, its main profit leave alone be generated by credit facilities. This income bequeath be generated by those 45%. (Not taking into account a small percentage of offshore business)If our figures are correct, we have 21 banks that are fighting for 548,300 apply people and out of which two giant banks have been established since 1838 and in 1973 respectively.The aim of this search is to analyze the impact of Customer Relationship Management system in the banking sector an d how it canful befriend in customer retention, reduce deep in thought(p) opportunities and enhance midland process thus increasing profitability.The aim of this dissertation is not purely for academic purpose. There is currently a need to implement a proper Customer Relationship Management system (CRM) in the bank I am currently working.Table of Contents1.0 Introduction1.1 Introduction of the claimThe vision for all Mauritian banks is to be the best bank for customers to bank with.CRM is the concept of building a strong relationship with your customer and making sure that he comes back again by providing him with a eminent quality service.CRM is an integration of technologies and business processes utilise to satisfy the needs of a customer during both given interaction. More specifically, CRM involves acquisitions analysis and use of knowledge just about the customers in order to sell more(prenominal) goods or services and to do it more efficiently (Bose. 2002. Pg 1 )Cu stomers are now more than ever demanding a different relationship with their suppliers, managing a close relationship has become a central aspect in delivering the business goals (Xu, pine et al, 2002). With the increase in applied science available to customers to daytime the world has become a much smaller marketplace and the relationship an even more important selling aspect. Walton Xu (2005) explain that CRM is astray regarded as method of retaining and developing customers, through increased commitment and satisfaction.According to Drucker (1996) knowledge is the only meaningful resource and the only real competitive discriminator. Xu Yen et al (2002) further state that successful companies go away use customer information systems to build relationships on the aims that customers want them, and by organizing the information about individually customer a singular 360 degree view can be made of each client throughout the company no matter how many a(prenominal) customer s they have. Companies are also realizing they can more easily lock in customers by understanding their needs and competing with exceeded expectations, something which CRM systems can help organize (H. Kale, 2004).The realization of the benefits of CRM are also noted in the market of colligate software product, in 2008 the CRM market reached 8.9 billion USD and to increase by nearly 50% by 2012 (Gartner Group, 2008).The poll is to investigate how CRM will benefit the bank I am currently working with.1.2 Problem StatementI have been in the banking sector for more than 13 years and had held different positions starting from teller, officer and currently to be the Head of Business Solutions.Currently the bank has expanded and merged with another infant company, information and customer retention has become amongst others the center of motion. Currently we could note that data is being held in different systems and consolidation is a big headache. This has wedge on service delivery. Duplication of data and heaviness in process has strongly been felt within the organization. Currently the bank does not hold a proper CRM system to address most of these issues and to minimize missed opportunities. Having highlighted this, a proper CRM will help in achieving greater height by the organization.The centralise of most CRM systems according to Xu Yen et al.(2002) is to aid in the understanding of customers. By warehousing collected data about many different customers, forecasts of both customers proximo buying trends as well as individual customer behavior can be made.Customer Relationship Management can also help in breaking down the barriers between departments, something which can prove to be quite difficult, as in some firms there are even indistinct rivalries between departments (Edwards. 2007)1.3 Objectives of the StudyAs per Doran, G. T. (1981), we need to consider the following criteria when setting up the fair gamesSpecific Objectives are exclusively re lated to the business.Measurable The objective can be quantified. For e.g. Increase in profit amounting to Rs1 million instead of Higher profits.Agreed The parties who will be affected directly or indirectly by these objectives need to be informed and also have their consent.Realistic The objective should be challenging, but yet also be achievable.Time specific The objective should be delimited by time, having a specific start and end date.The following objectives have been identified for this studyIdentify the benefit bank already enforced CRM have obtainedDetermine the hurdles and barriers in implementing a proper CRMEvaluate the impact of CRM in the Mauritian Banking CommunityDetermine the benefit that bank will obtained in implementing a proper CRM1.4 research QuestionsThe research questions in this proposal shall include but not limited to the followingHow CRM has wedged on the internal process of banksWhat are the barriers and obstacle for implementing a proper CRMWhat a re the main benefit obtained for a proper implemented CRMHow far do bank staff agree on the benefit of a CRMBy how much has missed opportunities been reduced1.5 Hypotheses (Assumptions)The following hypotheses based on the objective of the study have been formulated surmise IHo Banks in Mauritius do not agree that CRM improves their internal processHA Banks in Mauritius do agree that CRM improves their internal processHypothesis IIHo Banks in Mauritius do not face any barriers and obstacles for the implementation of CRMHA Banks in Mauritius face barriers and obstacles for the implementation of CRMHypothesis IIIHo Banks Staff do not agree that CRM has ease their day to day tasksHA Banks staff do agree that CRM has ease their day to day tasksHypothesis IVHo Banks do not agree that CRM has reduced missed opportunitiesHA Banks do agree that CRM has reduced missed opportunities2.0 lit ReviewThe idea behind Customer Relationship Management is not untried even the earliest merchants knew it was a good idea to build relationships with customers to keep them coming back.(Jobber , 2004)Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is a business approach that integratespeople, process and technology to maximize relationships with customersBarton Goldberg, ISM, CRM Strategic Advisors.Jobber has stated the need for loyalty because it is customer loyalty that will go out that the repeated purchase in made with your business.According to Storbacka and Lehtinen(2001, p 5) the three main pillars of CRM are Customer economic value CreationViewing the product as a process and it is the business responsibility for developing customer relationshipsOffering customers the possibilities to create value for themselves.With the help of technology and human resources, CRM will help a business to gain insight into the behavior of customers and the value of those customers.For CRM to be effective and bear its fruits, an organization must excogitate an adequate business strategy that it will ha ve to follow.The organization must also look at the different ways information about customers comes into a business, where and how this data is stored and how it is currently used.With an effective CRM strategy, a business can increase revenues byProviding adequate services and products that are exactly what customers expectIncrease customer service takeInitiate cross sellingProvide the banks staffs with an extra tool that will help them increase businessRetaining existing customers.Bringing new customersPersonalized serviceTarget the right customer with the right productAggressive marketingAll elements are mixed in to increase and oblige greater business to customer relationships. CRM has an impact mostly on marketing, sales, and customer service strategies. CRM helps create time efficiency and savings on both sides of the business spectrum.Through correct implementation and use of CRM solutions, companies gain a better understanding of their strongest and weakest areas and how they can improve upon these.Therefore, customers gain better products and services from their businesses of choice.In any business, CRM will start from the Back office and will go throughout the whole company to reach the front office. It is nowa days a must to instal the customer at the center of the business.Customer experience is the sum total of all the interactions a customer has with your brand during his customer lifecycle. It has become the critical differentiator in todays hypercompetitive, hyper connected global marketplace.Differentiation based on product innovation is no longer sustainable because competitors can leapfrog feature/ power advantages more quickly than ever. And differentiation based on price kills profitability. On the other hand, research shows that 86 percent of consumers said they would be willing to buckle under more for a better customer experience.2011 Customer Experience Impact Report conducted by Harris InteractiveBeing now the Head of Business so lution of the bank, I found it suitable to perform this research in the Mauritian market for implementing a proper CRM solution in the bank ensuring that the bank reap its benefit.3.0 Research MethodologyThis section describes the methodology that will be followed to address the hypotheses or research questions. It includes the research design, sampling method, data collection procedures, research instrumentation and related data analysis.3.1 Research DesignResearch design provides the basic direction for carrying out a research project so as to obtain answers to research questions (Cooper Schindler, 2003). A descriptive research design will be adopted for this study since it involved collection of both qualitative and quantitative information by conducting a survey. The descriptive research design would therefore, make predictions and analyse the behaviour of the respondents with respect to the survey.3.2 Population and consume3.2.1 Target PopulationA population is considered to be any group of people, events, or things that are of interest to the researchers and that they wish to investigate (Sekaran, 2000). The target population for this study will include banks in Mauritius and staff working in the banking sector.3.2.2 Sampling MethodSampling is the process of selecting units (e.g. people, organizations) from a population of interest so that by studying the warning we may fairly derive our results back to the population from which they were chosen. Trochim (2006). It is therefore, important to adopt the entrance sampling techniques and to design the sampling method to minimise any error or response bias.The appropriate sampling technique that will be adopted for the study will be the wide random sampling technique so as to ensure that each officer has an equal chance of selection since a simple random sample is meant to be an unbiased representation of a group3.2.3 Sample SizeTo determine the sample coat we need to calculate the necessary the sampl e size for a different combination of levels of precision, confidence level (93%), and variability. The level of precision also called as the sampling error, is the range in which the true value of the population is estimated to be. This range is often expressed in percentage points, (e.g., 7 percent). A proportion of 0.07 indicates the maximum variability in a populationTherefore the Solvins formula, as described below, will be used to calculate the sample size at 7% level of precision.Where n is the sample size, N is the population size and e is the level of precisionHence the sample size for this study will be 68 on a population of 100.3.3 The research InstrumentThe research instrument for this study will include a structured questionnaire to elicit relevant information from the respondents employ primary and secondary sources of data.Questionnaires have advantages over some other characters of surveys in that they are cheap do not require as much effort from the questioner as v erbal or telephone surveys, and often have standardized answers that make it simple to compile data. Questionnaires are also sharply limited by the fact that respondents must be able to read the questions and respond to them.An open-end question asks the respondent to formulate his own answer, whereas a closed-ended question has the respondent pick an answer from a given number of options. For this paper, the questionnaire will include both open ended and closed ended questions. The close ended will comprise of dichotomous, multichotomous as well as likert scaled information.The questionnaire will consist of some main sections such(prenominal) asFirst section will demonstrate the barriers and obstacles in implementing CRMSecond section will point out the benefit obtained from CRMThird section will evaluate the impact of CRM in the Banking Community3.4 Data Collection methodThe choice of the data collection method is influenced by the data collection strategy, the type of variables i nvolved, the accuracy required, the data collection points and the skill of the enumerator. The links between the variables, its source and practical methods for its collection helped in choosing appropriate method. Therefore, for the data collection, the survey method will be adopted given that the survey involved a structured questionnaire given to respondents and designed to elicit specific information with respect to the objectives of the study.Moreover, the data will be gathered by scheduling a meeting with the different targeted organization where the questionnaires will be distributed to the different respondent and collected some days later to allow them to give the maximum information in a precise way.3.5 Validity and ReliabilityValidity is defined as the extent to which differences in observed scores reflect the true nature among objects on the characteristics being mensural and Reliability relates to consistency of results over a period of time. Hence, consideration rega rding robustness and reliability will be taken into account for this study.3.5.1 Pre testingPilot testing is used to identify and eliminate problems before the main survey takes place. 10% of the sample size will be used for pilot testing prior to the data collection phase. The pilot test will be used to check questions relevancy, whether respondent understands all questions, and logic of question order.3.5.1 Reliability of dataReliability of data is used to check for internal consistency of data which is measured using coefficient alpha (also known as Cronbachs alpha).According to George, D., Mallery, P. (2003), the acceptable level for the Cronbach alpha depends on what is being measured, with the general rule of thumb being 0.7. Therefore, for the purpose of this study a Cronbachs alpha of 0.7 or higher will be considered acceptable, and that below 0.75 was regarded as multidimensional3.6 Data Analysis and interpretationThe data file will then be organized and analysed employi ng the SPSS software version 16.0 or above. Both descriptive and inferential statistics will be used for analysis where descriptive statistics will include frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation. Inferential statistics will include regression analysis, correlation, chi square, T-test, ANOVA.Significant tests will be conducted at 5% level using p-value as indicator for both substance and hypothesis testing whereIndicator for significanceP-value less than 0.05 = statistical significanceP-value greater than 0.05 = no significanceIndicators to be used for hypothesis testingP-value less or equal to 0.05 = reject unprofitable hypothesis (H0)P-value greater than 0.05 = do not reject Null hypothesis (H0)4.0 Expected ResultsThe following results might be expectedIt is expected that Mauritian Banks has benefited from CRMIt is expect that Mauritian Banks has faced barriers and difficulties in implementing CRMIt is expect that CRM has positively impacted on the internal process of Mauritian Banks.It is expected that number of customers has increased5.0 Ethical ConsiderationsIn order to protect confidentiality, the data collected will not be revealed to others except in the form of processed data/information without detailing the identity of the individual responses. Relevant permission will be sought-after(a) from the concerned authorities prior to administering the questionnaires.6.0 Limitation of this studyThe limitation of the study is that not all bank staff will responds due to time constraints. besides only banks where CRM has been implemented will be contacted. However, the data collected from respondents will be analyzed and interpreted within the limited framework allowed.7.0 ConclusionThis study will endeavor to demonstrate to my senior management the benefit in implementing a proper CRM in the bank in order to align back-office processes and to leverage the use of IT system. This proposal will quantify the impact on the business in terms of custo mer retention and new offerings possibilities while reducing missed opportunities. Definitely this study will bring a better insight on the capabilities of a CRM.Definitely greater profit would be achieved if the CRM is properly implemented and used.

Stereotypes of Native Americans in Modern Films Essay -- Movie Film Es

Stereotypes of natural Americans in Modern FilmsThere are some(prenominal) stereotypes to the highest degree Native Americans which are promoted in todays films. Since the beginnings of the westward settlement people confine been saying things about the Native Americans that are not necessarily true. They were depicted as savages and thieves. Like all peoples this is true about some, but not for all. In fact, it was the Native Americans which helped the pilgrims settle in this country in the first place. This never stopped whites from stereotyping the way we establish. Early films and TV shows gave Native Americans a bad image. aged(prenominal) western films are a good example of this. In these the cowboys were always the good guys and the Native Americans were the bad guys. More recent films and TV shows give a different picture of the Native American. Since the start of television the Americans view of the culture of the Native American has slowly changed from being a ruthles s savage to an recognise race of people. Stereotypes of Native Americans were first taught to us by our parents. Almost all of us can remember playing cowboys and Indians when we were little kids. The cowboy would always be the good guy and he would chase the Indian and shoot him with his gun. When we are taught this as little children it is hard to give this idea up as adults. multitude still commonly call Native Americans Indians which is wrong since that name was given to them by Columbus when he thought he was in India. It also makes for evoke action in films to have the cowboy chasing the Native American around and shooting him. This could be a major reason why so many cowboy and Indian movies were made. Television also promotes many stereotypes about Native Americans. Television has such ... ... good guys. In the film Kostner begins with the picture that all Native Americans are bad and they would eventually attack him. But as the film goes on he learn that they are not ba d people and adopts their ways. and then the white people are made out as the bad guys in the end of the film when they capture Kostner and treat him bad. Why is it that many films have taken on the drastic change of making the Native Americans go from bad guys to good guys? Probably one of the biggest reasons is that people are better improve about the history of Native Americans now then they were before. People are now realizing that we treated Native Americans poorly. This gives people a sense of guilt about how their ancestors treated Native Americans. Works Cited AAP Commitee on Communications. Television Issues. http//www.cybergate.com/simonian/tv.html (23 April. 1997).

The Viability of Fission and Fusion for our Planet Essay -- essays res

The Viability of Fission and Fusion For our planetAs the global population increases exponentially, having passed six billion in 1999, the terra firma population is expected to be 8.9 billion by the year 2050. The worlds cogency consumption will increase by an estimated 54 percent by 2025. Energy demand in the industrialized world is projected to grow 1.2 percent per year. Energy is a critical component of sustained economic growth and improved standards of living. One of the major requirements for sustaining human go along is an adequate source of energy. As the worlds technological enhancements and standards of living improve, so too does their appetite for electricity.The largest sources of energy at the moment are the flame of fossil fuels coal, oil and natural gas. Fossils fuels account for nearly 88 % of the worlds energy needs, with Oil at 41 percent, Coal providing 24 percent, and natural gas, the remaining 22 percent.In the next five-hundred years, the globe will need a considerable increase of energy.Nuclear FissionFission is a nuclear process that takes enthrone in the nucleus of an atom. It is a process whereby a nucleus of a heavy, neutron enriched atom, usually Uranium-235 (U-235), splits into two or more smaller nuclei. This process releases substantial amounts of energy as a by-product.In a common reaction in a nuclear reactor a nucleus of U-235 captures a neutron and then undergoes a fission event releasing two or three neutrons of about 14 MeV (Mega electron Volts) energy. A pair of fission products is formed which is accompanied by the release of huge amounts of energy (100 million to several hundred million electron volts of energy).Nuclear FusionNuclear Fusion is the energy-producing process which takes place always in the sun and stars. In the core of the sun at temperatures of 10-15 million degrees Celsius, Hydrogen is converted to Helium providing enough energy to sustain life on earth.On earth, the most suitable use of unifica tion occurs when the nuclei of heavy isotopes of hydrogen - Deuterium (D) and Tritium (T) join and form a larger nucleus. At the temperatures required for the Deuterium-Tritium fusion reaction, the fuel has changed its state from gas to Plasma. Scientific advancements on how fusion reactions can be contained need to be made before we can use fusion as a practical source of energy.The basic ... ... fission has the ability to make a long-lasting major contribution but suffers from problems of public and semipolitical acceptability. Fusion offers an additional, secure, virtually resource-unlimited, source of supply, with important environmental advantages. Because of the environmental advantages summarised above, there should be no constraints on grounds of public acceptance to the widespread, intensive and uncertain deployment of fusion power.Considering the fact that fusion possesses environmental and safety advantages over all current alternatives for electricity sources, its dev elopment is a very important component in any strategy designed to allow economic growth to continue world-wide in the longer term, without generating major global environmental deterioration. Thus the case for investiture a small part of our current output in the development of fusion is an aspect of the more general case for sustainable development. Involvement in the world-wide programme to bring fusion technology to a commercially usable state is a wise contribution to sustainable development. Fusion technology brought to culmination would be an asset of the utmost value to give to our descendants.