Land Pollution in Ibadan

A TOWN PAPER ON estate contaminant IN IBADAN, THE CAUSES, EFFECTS, REMEDIAL MEASURES AND HOW EFFECTIVE THEY ARE. COMPILED BY ONIFADE SADIAT T MATRIC NO. 073862 TO BE SUBMITTED TO THE DEARTMENT OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES LADOKE AKINTOLA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, OGBOMOSHO. COURSE statute URP 305 COURSE TITLE PLANNING STUDIO III LECTURERS IN CHARGE TPL A. O AKINDELE TPL E. A TOYOBO MARCH, 2010 CHAPTER mavin INTRODUCTION LAND POLLUTION Land Pollution is the degradation of earths kill surfaces.Land screwing be polluted through soil or water. Human activities atomic number 18 the main factor and their mis determination of priming coat resources. Urbanization and industrialization are major ca theatrical roles of land befoulment. Indiscriminate disposal of domestic (solid and smooth-spoken) and industrial turn back topics, ontogenesis of minerals, and im comely design of soil by inadequate agricultural practices are a few factors. winni ng I sadan as a case study, we are going to discuss the ca utilisations of land pollution in I banefulan, the effects, the therapeutic measures and how hard-hitting they are. BACKGROUND OF STUDYIbadan was historically an Egba town. The Egba occupants were forced to leave the town and moved to present-day Abeokuta infra the leadership of Sodeke when the surge of Oyo refugees flocked into the towns as an aftermath of the fall of Oyo Kingdom. Ibadan grew into an impressive and sprawling urban center so much that by the end of 1829, Ibadan dominated the Yoruba region militarily, politically and stintingally. The military sanctuary expanded unconstipated further when refugees began arriving in large numbers from northern Oyo following raids by Fulani warriors.After losing the northern grammatical constituent of their region to the marauding Fulanis, many Oyo indigenes retreated deeper into the Ibadan environs. The Fulani Caliphate attempted to expand further into the s bring outhern region of contemporary Nigeria, unless was decisively defeated by the armies of Ibadan in 1840. The Ibadan area became a British Protecto mensurate in 1893 and by then the population had swelled to 120,000. The British developed the new colony to facilitate their commercial activities in the area, and Ibadan shortly grew into the major trading center that it is today.At independence, Ibadan was the largest and the most populous city in Nigeria and the third in Africa after Cairo and Johannesburg. It is located in south-western, 128 km inland northeast of Lagos and 345 km southwest of , the federal capital and is a prominent point between the region and the areas to the north. The population of Ibadan was 2,550,593 correspond to 2006 census chairs, including 11local administration areas. The principal inhabitants of the city are the Yorubas. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study are To identify the major sources of gasconade in IbadanTo identify the factors leading to land p ollution To identify the effects of land pollution CHAPTER twain WASTE GENERATION Waste which is one of the sources and causes of environmental pollution has been defined under Resource saving and Recovery Act (RCRA) (2000) as any solid, semisolid liquid or contained gaseous materials discarded from industrial, commercial, digging or agricultural operations and from community activities. Waste overly includes garbage, construction debris, commercial withstand, sludge from water, conceal facilities and some other discarded materials.Most of the solid dissolutions, like paper, plastic containers, bottles, cans, and even used cars and electronic goods are not bio-degradable, which means they do not get broken down through inorganic or organic processes. Thus, when they accumulate they pose a wellness threat to people. Decaying licentiousnesss also attract rest home pests and result in urban areas becoming unhealthy, dirty, and unsightly places to reside in. Moreover, it also causes damage to terrestrial organisms, while also reducing the uses of the land for other, more useful purposes.Some of the sources of solid, liquid and gaseous dissolution that cause land pollution are *Wastes from Agri coating This comprises of waste matter produced by crop, animal manure, and farm residues. *Wastes from Mining lots of coal recall and heaps of slag. *Wastes from Industries Industrial waste matter that can cause land pollution can include paints, chemicals, and so on. *Solids from Sewage Treatment Wastes that are left over after cloaca has been treated, biomass sludge, and settled solids. *Ashes The residual matter that remains after solid fuels are burned. Garbage This comprises of waste matter from food that are decomposable and other waste matter that are not decomposable such as glass, metal, cloth, plastic, wood, paper, and so on. WASTE GENERATION IN IBADAN Solid waste Although it is generally agreed that wide quantities of solid waste are generated in Ibadan daily, the exact figures have not been determined, probably owing to the use of diverse methods of calculation. Maclaren International Ltd (1970) found that the average per capita quantity of solid waste generated was 0. 370. 5 kg/day for the traditional areas of the city and 0. 53 kg/day for the newer areas.According to Egunjobi (1986), 38 million kg of solid waste was collected in the suburbs of Ibadan in 1986. The suburbs constitute virtually 21% of the city. On this basis, it can be estimated that 181 million kg of solid waste was generated in the city as a livelong in 1986. This gives a per capita waste-generation rate of 0. 31 kg/day, utilize the 1986 estimated population of 1. 6 million for the city. In 1982, PAI Associates recorded the volume and weight of solid waste generated per household per day in Ibadan. The study revealed that waste generation varied according to land use, with residential land use taking the bulk of the hare. The generation rates were 3. 4 kg/household per day in the traditional areas, 3. 2 kg/household per day in the newer areas, and 3. 3 kg/household per day in the whole city (altogether braggart(a) a per capita generation rate of 0. 33 kg/day). Several researchers have studied the volume of refuse generated in the city. For example, Maclaren International Ltd (1970) estimated this volume at 182 900 t. The latest study, conducted by Haskoning and Konsadem Associates (1994), estimated the per capita rate at 0. 6 kg/day, with a density of 300 kg/m3.The brookions are based on an annual growth rate of population per year The solid-waste composition in Ibadan comprises leaves, paper, food waste, tins, glass, and rags (Maclaren International Ltd 1970). This is because Ibadan is located in the core group of a rich agricultural land and has a large old and unplanned section. PAI Associates (1983) made a comparative degree analysis of the composition of solid waste from two acres of Ibadan in 1970, which showed that resid ential land use accounted for 70. 1% of the waste generated, followed by commercial land use (18. 8%) and industrial land use (9. 7%). Institutional and other land use accounted for 0. % each. The mean percentage composition of solid waste in Ibadan in 1982 for different parts of the city is summarized in the table below. Mean % composition by weight GRABodijaMokola & SangoOke AdoAguguOjaba leaves7. 54. 333. 223. 532. 626. 5 Food remnants35. 519. 29. 13. 65. 46. 9 paper15. 126. 210. 719. 415. 216. 6 Cartons . 31. 54. 86. 84. 510. 9 Plastic & polythene4. 18. 93. 711. 54. 85. 1 Tins & metals20. 811. 415. 416. 47. 712. 8 Bones, ash tree dust & stones5. 916. 719. 118. 128. 821. 0 miscellaneous0. 811. 83. 00. 51. 02. 2 molten waste The Ibadan metropolis has a lot of problems with the concern of its liquid waste.PAI Associates (1983) estimated the magnitude of liquid waste within Ibadan at 22 650 million L (an average of 6. 2 L per household), and Akintola and Agbola (1989) projected th e amounts of liquid waste for 1990 and 1995 at 113. 7 million and 126. 5 million L, respectively. Liquid waste in Ibadan also contains tins, sticks, excreta, oil, pieces of iron scrap, and refuse. Outside of large institutions, such as the University of Ibadans pedagogy Hospital and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan has no sewerage system. The citys human waste is disposed of largely by means of septic tanks, pit latrines, and buckets.The uncontrolled disposal of liquid waste into pass on gutters, open spaces, along roads, etc. , poses somber health hazards. Bodies of stagnant water produce bad odours, breed mosquitoes, and sometimes obstruct the movement of people and goods. For instance, the 1983 study by PAI Associates revealed that 50% of the stagnant pools emitted bad odour, 70% bred mosquitoes, 24% obstructed the movement of people, and 12% bred worms and other germ- education pests. suffering practices for liquid-waste disposal are creditworthy f or waterborne diseases that are common in the city, particularly in its inner core.The unwholesome environment forces the domain to spend appreciable portions of their low income and time on improving their personal health, with adverse consequences for general economic well-being. Industrial waste The industries in Ibadan generate a lot of waste, particularly chemical and toxic waste, explosives, and ash, but the exact quantities have not been measured. The industries make private arrangements for disposal of their waste, with little or no monitoring. Groundwater pollution is a possibility, as companies do not take precautions at disposal berths to supervise and ensure priggish sanitary conditions.CAUSES OF LAND POLLUTION Some of the causes of land pollution according to Ukpong are *Improper resources prudence *Destructive logging of the forest *Overgrazing and overcropping of animals *Flooding and wind erosion menace *Destruction of wetlands and marshes for development *landin g strip mining He also identified other indirect causes of land pollution to include population growth and population influx, lack of control of enforcement measures and jurisdictional overlap which are due to unclear pledge and the use of inappropriate technology for farming and even for producing manufactured goods.This above listed causes persisted for the past decades (since independence) and entrust stick to be so in Ibadan because of the following factors (i) High rate of illiteracy (ii) Ignorance (iii) Uncivil culture of indiscriminate waste littering (i. e. throwing of wastes on bare ground) (iv) community inability to maintain a sanitarily clean environment (v) hesitancy of people to cooperate with the authority by disposing solid waste in illegal dumps, rather than using the means provided by the presidency Other factors that militate against decent environment in Ibadan include i. torrential population creating slum condition i. Poor grooming and iii. Violation of town formulation regulations. EFFECTS OF LAND POLLUTION The increasing amount of solid waste and its disposal have croak a serious environmental problem, leading to visual pollution, earth health hazards, and water and air pollution. With the growth of the population and the wider use of throw-away bottles and cans, the problem of litter and waste spoils the beauty of our environment . In addition, the discarded solid waste , if untreated, provide decay, producing bad smells polluting the air and water. EFFECTS OF LAND POLLUTION IN IBADAN Unarguably, one of the main problems facing.Ibadan City and which has become an intractable nuisance is open and indiscriminate dumping of refuse, human and animal faeces on land. stack of decaying garbage which are substantially domestic in nature dominate strategic locations in the heart of the city including the Ibadan Lagos express way. The risks that may be anticipated include bad odour, aesthetic nuisance, fire out break, water pollution , proliferation of insects, flies, cockroaches, rats and other small and dangerous insects which can endanger public health through breeding of ailments such as dysentery, cholera, diarrhea, yellow fever, plague and filariasis.There is also reduction in the property value of land close to a dump site. Regrettably, this condition characterizes environmental culture in Ibadan. It is important to assembly line that endangered public health situation can exert excessive pressure on the health budget, curtails productivity and worsens urban condition of health. CHAPTER THREE REMEDIAL MEASURES TAKEN BY THE GOVERNMENTThe government formal three institutions charged with the responsibility of overseeing the environment of Ibadan city. They are (i) Ibadan Solid Waste Board. (ii) The topical anesthetic Government Councils, and (iii)Ministry of Environment. prior(prenominal) to the enactment of edict No 8 of 1997, Ibadan city and its environs were constitutionally broken into (11) eleven L ocal Government Councils which now shoulder the order and disposal of solid wastes in Ibadan.With the commencement of the edict, the functions of the Local Government councils in the Ibadan urban area under the 1979 Nigerian Constitution, and the instrument establishing them to collect, transfer and dispose solid waste were delegated to the new ascendancy. The functions of the Authority are (a) Collection, transfer, and disposal of solid wastes for the Ibadan urban area directly or indirectly (b) Collection and registration of private refuse contractors in the city.Each refuse collection firm will need to pay specified amounts to the authority annually (c) To hire or lease out and convey its equipment to refuse contractors at profitable rates (d) To enforce all regulations concerning refuse collection, disposal and any other sanitation laws as obtained and as may be promulgated in the city of Ibadan (e) To make effective use of Sanitary Inspectors from the Local Government Serv ice and to impose sanctions on any refuse contractor or citizen in form of fines for the contravention of any of the law in accordance with provision under Offences and Related Matters (f) To maintain land fill sites around Ibadan and to charge economic rates (g) Holding meetings concerning planning and strategy to be adopted for the success of its operations (h) Approving the budget estimates based on the planning and strategy (i) Ensuring proper use of governmental budget allocated for solid waste collection (j) Improving the management and operations continuously in such a way that the best service is given against the last possible cost (k) Maintenance and proper use of vehicle and buildings from the State Government entrusted to the Board (l) training of management information on sanitation and environment PROBLEMS FACED BY THE ADMINISTRATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IN IBADAN The problems facing administration of environmental pollution in Ibadan are multi-faceted.There ar e intravenous feeding main factors responsible for the problems faced by the Administration of Environmental Pollution in Ibadan. They are (i) Poor funding (ii) Culture of the people (iii) Limited technology (iv) Human resources (i) Poor Funding Essentially, refuse collection and disposal in Ibadan city have become such complex, capital intensive and expensive project such that it is a futile effort to expect a single institution of local government or state ministry, talk less of a parastratal to finance it from its own limited source. (ii) Culture of the People One of the factors that pose a great challenge to the management of environmental pollution in Ibadan has to do with the culture of the people. The city is not well organized and planned.The city has for long been a commercial gist for marketers of maize, yam and other food stuff that generate heaps of refuse which are unmanageable. The illiterate culture of the people seems not to respect human dignity and decency. Many houses are without toilet facilities especially in the core of the city. People defecate indiscriminately in any available plots of land which are wooded or along the streams. Even when toilets are built by the Local government Councils, they are heedlessly used and within a short period they get spoilt. Added to this, is the poor maintenance culture of our public facilities. The provision of water to service these facilities is, to the least epileptic, if it runs at all.Finally, the socio-cultural attitude, lack of awareness and traditional syndrome of dumping refuse very close to their houses constitute a serious health hazard. (iii) Limited Technology A realise to the garage of the Ibadan Waste Disposal Management Authority revealed that most of its operational vehicles are grounded because of minor technical problem. Even at the dumping site at Aba Eku, the scavengers are self-employed with all the health risk. The compactors relatively new are grounded with just minor comp laints and little expenditure to repair them. Again this condition affirms the underfunding of the Authority earlier mentioned. Still on technology, the land fill designed to be operated sanitarily are operated as open dump due to limited technology.Furthermore, it was observed that medical refuse are deposited at the dumping site which technically ought to have been sorted out. There is also the problem of plastic and polythene products which are not bio-degradable. CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATION Ibadan being the largest and most densely populated West African city should be a state on its own. Fund allocated to the state will be used in managing Ibadan moreover and this will therefore reduce the pressure on the fund allocated to the present day Oyo State. There should be an intensive teaching of heath education in primary and secondary schools hoping that the children would be able to puzzle out their illiterate parents in complying with simple environmental habits and laws.Compact i ncinerator method should be introduced to neighbourhoods because this burns not and the waste but also the smoke and dust arising from leaves and a very small quantity of ashes i. e. about 10% of the original weight of wastes is left back in the incinerator. CONCLUSION This town paper reason that the management of environment of Ibadan city is a function of the concerted efforts of the three agencies charged with the environmental sanitation being a capital intensive project coupled with adequate manpower and the government should catch the care of the environment as a social service by enlightening and educating the citizens on proper waste disposal methods, otherwise Ibadan city will continue to remain as the city of refuse.